摘要
有学者否定夏、商、周三代国家广大疆域的存在,认为早期中国只是邑的聚合体,其疆域是不连贯的,尚未形成“面”的疆域观念。这种看法缺乏坚实的证据。夏王国应已大体确立了广域国家的疆域形态,商周时期又拓展而充实之。商王不只关注具体的邑,也关注邑间成片的领土。周王将土地和民众赐予贵族并根据需要对侯伯进行册封或徙封,均显示了周代疆域之广大。早期国家疆域的边界虽具有模糊性,但并非不存在。商代“内服”“外服”均是王廷设官以治理的区域,而周人对何处属其领域、何处非其领域亦有相对清晰的认知。夏商周三代与秦汉在疆域形态与观念方面并无本质不同,只是统治方式与强度有别。相较不连贯性,早期中国“疆”“略”有别的特征更具代表性。“疆”是王国设官征赋、实施稳定统治之区;“略”则是王国影响所及之区,其地通常不置常设机构,暂不属王国疆域,不过却属于其势力范围,也是其疆域的盈缩区。
Some scholars deny the existence of the vast territory of the Xia,Shang and Zhou dynasties in pre-Qin period,and believe that the state at that time was just an aggregation of settlements of different levels,and its territory was incoherent,and the concept of territory had not even come into being.There is little solid evidence for such claims.The Xia Dynasty should have generally established the territorial form of the wide area state,and the Shang and Zhou dynasties expanded and enriched it.The king of the Shang paid attention not only to specific towns,but also to the territory between them.The king of Zhou granted land and its inhabitants to nobles,and conferred or emigrated nobles as needed,all of which showed the vastness of his territory.The boundaries of early states were ambiguous,but not nonexistent.The“internal service”and“external service”of the Shang Dynasty were the areas where the royal court set up officials to govern.Zhou people also had a relatively clear understanding of where they belonged and where they did not belong.There was no essential difference between the Xia,Shang and Zhou dynasties and the Qin and Han dynasties in terms of territory form and concept,but there were differences in the mode and intensity of rule.The salient feature of early Chinese state territory is that it usually has some sphere of influence outside of its territory.Such spheres of influence were the potential frontiers of early states.
出处
《社会科学》
CSSCI
北大核心
2023年第2期54-62,共9页
Journal of Social Sciences
基金
国家社会科学基金一般项目“商周时期北方地区出土资料与族群形态整合研究”(项目编号:22BZS005)的阶段性成果。
关键词
早期中国
疆域形态
广域国家
Early China
Territory Form
Territorial State
作者简介
王坤鹏,吉林大学中国史学系副教授。
