摘要
渤海南岸的莱州湾滩地是中国古代重要的产盐区,分布有众多盐业遗址。其中,山东寿光机械林场遗址是一处东周和宋元时期的盐业遗址,分布有盐灶、盐井和灰坑等遗迹单位。炭化遗存分析结果显示,遗址中农作物种子的数量较少,杂草的种类及数量较为丰富,以藜科、菊科、禾本科、茨藻科为主,并且发现了数量较多的草本植物茎秆,植物比例显示出偏向自然生长的状态,可能与放荒发展草荡以供燃料有关。寿光机械林场在东周时期处于滨海盐生草甸植被分布区,气候较为温和干旱,至宋元时期湿地植物增加。土壤盐碱化的环境特征并不适合发展农业,遗址多为煮盐作坊区,与生活区间可能隔有一定距离,或与官府对盐业的管控有关。先民在煮盐时就地取材,利用周边杂草作为燃料,煮盐集中在秋末、冬季,遗址可能存在季节性利用的特征。有关盐业遗址的炭化植物遗存的研究相对较少,寿光机械林场遗址炭化遗存分析结果可以为研究煮盐燃料及莱州湾滩地盐业作坊区周边的环境与植物类型提供一些线索。
Jixielinchang site(37.17°N,118.75°E)was a salt production site in the Eastern-Zhou Dynasty and Song-Yuan Period on the Laizhou Bay beach of north-central Shandong Province,China.Benefited from the warm-temperate continental monsoon climate with abundant solar and thermal resources,as well as the mass shallow underground brine resources retained by the marine regression,Laizhou Bay has been an important salt-producing area in China since deep antiquity,evidenced by numerous salt industry sites in ancient times.There are few studies on charred plant remains from salt industry sites in China.Thus,the archaeobotanical analysis from Jixielinchang Site provide key evidence in investigating the fuel use strategies in salt-boiling,the seasonality of salt production,as well as the surrounding paleoenvironment of salt workshops of Laizhou Bay beach.Bearing this in mind,floatations and archaeonbotanical analysis was operated on soil samples collected from units of salt stoves,salt wells,and pits at Jixielinchang site.Among which,A total of 4400 charred seeds were recovered with 3875 seeds of 48 species identifiable.The analysis showed that crop seeds in the site are rare with only five species recovered.In contrast,the amount of weedy taxa were relatively large,including Chenopodiaceae,Asteraceae,Poaceae,and Najadaceae,etc.The largest number of seeds was found in the ash pits,and the highest average density of seeds was found in the salt pits.A large amount of charred herbaceous stem fragments was also recovered on the site.Archaeobotanical evidence suggests Jixielinchang Site was a saline meadow vegetation landscape during the Eastern-Zhou Dynasty,with a relatively mild and dry climate.Subsequently,the environment was more humid during the Song-Yuan Period.The plant assemblage indicates a state of natural growth of plants,which may be related to the policy of releasing wasteland and developing grass for fuel.Jixielinchang Site was more likely to be a pure salt-boiling workshop area as the soil salinization restricted the development of agriculture.The absolute number(1.68%)and ubiquity(10.81%)of cultivated plants were lower than those of non-crops.Similar to Kanjiazhai Site,it is highly possible that the salt workshop area and the living area of Jixielinchang site might be separated,which could be attributed to the government's control over the salt industry from Eastern Zhou to Song-Yuan period.Plants bearing fruit in autumn were most frequently found at this site,suggesting that the season for salt-boiling was concentrated from late autumn and winter,providing new evidence to imply that salt-boiling sites may be used seasonally.Charcoal was less recovered than herbaceous stems in Jixielinchang site.Herbs were cheaper and easier to obtain than wood,and can also provide the low temperatures required for salt boiling over a slow fire,therefore local residents might directly use the surrounding weeds as part of the main fuel.The charred seeds preserved in the salt stoves directly indicate the use of plant species as fuel,such as Poaceae,Leguminosae,Chenopodiaceae,Polygonaceae,and so on.Aiding by the toolkit combined with charcoal and phytolith analysis,more in-depth discussions on fuel utilization and paleoenvironment reconstruction of salt industry sites are expected.
作者
刘洋
王子孟
李雨芹
胡栩瑞
陈雪香
LIU Yang;WANG Zimeng;LI Yuqin;HU Xurui;CHEN Xuexiang(Institute of Cultural Heritage,Shandong University,Qingdao 266237,Shandong;Joint International Research Laboratory for Environmental and Social Archaeology,Shandong University,Qingdao 266237,Shandong;Shandong Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology,Jinan 250000,Shandong;School of History and Culture,Shandong University,Jinan 250100,Shandong)
出处
《第四纪研究》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2023年第1期266-279,共14页
Quaternary Sciences
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(批准号:2022YFF0903500)
国家社会科学基金重大项目(批准号:19ZDA229)
山东省艺术科学重点基金项目(批准号:21ZB06160002)共同资助。
关键词
盐业
东周
宋元
植物考古
燃料
salt industry
Eastern-Zhou Dynasty
Song-Yuan Period
archaeobotany
fuel
作者简介
第一作者:刘洋,女,28岁,博士研究生,植物考古研究,E-mail:yangliuarch@163.com;通讯作者:陈雪香,E-mail:xxchen@sdu.edu.cn。
