摘要
新兴污染物微塑料广泛分布于水体、陆地和大气环境中,大气中的微塑料研究起步较晚,但其潜在生态环境影响的范围更广.本文以2015年以来发表的大气微塑料相关文献为基础,对室外环境大气与室内大气中微塑料的分布、来源、迁移过程和生态环境影响进行了系统的综述.研究表明,大气微塑料已分布于全球大气中,其分布特征与室内外环境、下垫面类型和污染扩散等环境因素相关.大气环境中微塑料主要来源于塑料制品的生产、使用和回收过程,少量来源于陆地和海洋中积累的微塑料.值得关注的是,新冠肺炎疫情中口罩的使用可能加重了大气中的微塑料污染.微塑料在大气环境中可发生悬浮、沉降和扩散等迁移过程,并受到微塑料形态、风力、风向和降水等因素的影响.微塑料在大气中的扩散,也称大气传输,是全球塑料循环的重要一环.目前多采用混合单质点拉格朗日集成轨迹模型(Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory,HYSPLIT)进行后向轨迹模拟以研究其扩散路径,主要通过统计沉降量并结合空气动力学模型估算其传输量.大气中的微塑料能够影响区域大气环境质量,可能通过影响热收支和水循环等因素改变区域与全球气候;在迁移过程中吸附重金属、有机污染物和有害微生物,对暴露人群产生健康风险;通过进入食物链和提供微生态位等方式影响大气生态系统,通过沉降进入并影响陆地和水体生态系统.基于以上分析,本文提出未来大气微塑料的研究需要优先关注研究方法标准化、源清单建立、迁移机制和生态环境影响等问题.
As emerging pollutants,microplastics(MPs)are widely distributed in water,soil and atmosphere,and have become a popularly concerned environmental and social issue.The research on atmospheric microplastics(AMPs)started later than that on the MPs in soil and water,but AMPs’potential environmental impacts are explored in an even wider range.Based on the literatures on AMPs since 2015 as well as those about MPs in water and soil,this paper systematically reviews the distribution,source,transport of AMPS and the environmental and ecological impacts of AMPs.The results show that AMPs are distributed in global atmosphere,and have been detected in the atmosphere of urban,suburban,remote areas and indoor air.The concentrations of AMPs were detected in a range 2 to 77000 n mdor 0 to 1583 n m.The distribution characteristics of MPs in atmosphere are affected by environmental factors such as indoor and outdoor environment,underlying surface type and airflow,etc.In general,the concentration and the diversity of AMPs’shape and composition are higher in the places near to MPs the source,but the wind,precipitation and even local animals could reshape the characters of AMPs.The sources of AMPs are mainly the production,use and recycling processes of plastic products,as well as land and sea where MPs accumulated.Studies also showed that abrasion of vehicle tires and the use of synthetic textile are major sources.What’s noteworthy is that the COVID-19 pandemic has made masks as necessities of life,which indirectly exacerbated the pollution of AMPs.The transport of MPs can occur in atmospheric environment,such as suspension,deposition and diffusion,and is affected by the morphology of MPs,wind direction,precipitation and other atmospheric factors.The diffusion of MPs in atmosphere,also known as atmospheric transport,is an important part of the global plastic cycle.AMPs’transport path is mostly studied of Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory(HYSPLIT)by conducting backward trajectory simulation,and their transport volume is estimated mainly through deposition and aerodynamic model.In addition,AMPs have unique physical and chemical properties,which can affect regional atmospheric environmental quality,change regional and global climate.It could also adsorb heavy metals,organic pollutants and harmful microorganisms during transport,resulting in greater health risks to human.Also,AMPs could affect atmospheric ecosystems through food chains and providing microbial niches,and alter structure and functions of terrestrial forest and water ecosystems through deposition.There are still some unsolved scientific and technical questions.Due to the lack of standardized sampling and identification means,the past research methods on AMPs are different on sampling and physical analysis,which make information comparison difficult.The observations of AMPs’environmental behaviors,the atmospheric transport,source attribution and trans-regional effects of AMPs are still limited.Therefore,some conclusions from laboratory researches cannot fully explain the uncertainty of in natural environment.Based on the analysis,it is suggested that future scientific research on AMPs should focus on standardization of research methods,the establishment of source list,transport mechanism and environmental and ecological impacts.It is necessary for the study of AMPs to establish a set of scientifically credible and technically feasible monitoring techniques as well.Because AMPs could be transported to different ecosystems and could enter the human body through a variety of ways,it is urgent to study the physiological and ecological status of human body and ecosystems which are continuously exposed to AMPs pollution.
作者
徐力波
胡敏
贾薇茜
张梦君
唐倩
田旭东
黄艺
Libo Xu;Min Hu;Weiqian Jia;Mengjun Zhang;Qian Tang;Xudong Tian;Yi Huang(State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering,Peking University,Beijing 100871,China;Key Laboratory of Ecological and Environmental Monitoring,Forewarning and Quality Control of Zhejiang,Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center,Hangzhou 310012,China)
出处
《科学通报》
EI
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2022年第30期3565-3579,共15页
Chinese Science Bulletin
基金
国家自然科学基金(42177364)
环境模拟与污染控制国家重点联合实验室专项经费(21Y01ESPCP)
浙江省生态环境监测预警及质控研究重点实验室开放基金(EEMFQ-2021-5)资助。
关键词
微塑料
大气
分布特征
迁移规律
生态环境影响
microplastic
atmosphere
distribution
transport
environmental and ecological effect
作者简介
联系人:田旭东,E-mail:tianxudong@zjemc.org.cn;联系人:黄艺,yhuang@pku.edu.cn。
