摘要
“由太虚,有天之名;由气化,有道之名。合虚与气,有性之名;合性与知觉,有心之名。”这四句话是张载哲学的纲领性论述,简称为“横渠纲领”。“横渠纲领”涵盖了张载哲学中虚、气、心、性等核心概念。关于张载哲学,学界向来有“一层唯气论”与“两层超越论”两条诠释路向:“一层唯气论”认为虚、气、心、性同质同层,“两层超越论”认为太虚、心、性与气异质异层。将“横渠纲领”与现象学之视域理论与意识理论进行比较分析,可以发现,对张载哲学更为圆融的诠释路向应该是“一层超越论”:“一层”是说虚、气与心、性同质同层,浑沌太虚即德性之知即天地之性,客气客形即见闻之知即气质之性;“超越”是说德性之知为生生不息、流行不已的超越力量,不断推动见闻之知构造着客气客形、宇宙万象。
“From the Great Vacuity, there is the name of Heaven;from the transformation of Qi(material force), there is the Way. In the unity of the Great Vacuity and Qi, the name of nature(of man and things) is borne. In the unity of the nature and consciousness, there is the name of mind.” Those four sentences are the programmatic discourse of Zhang Zai’s philosophy and are called “Zhang Zai’s Program”. They cover the core concepts of Vacuity, Qi, Mind and Nature in Zhang Zai’s philosophy. With regard to Zhang Zai’s philosophy, there have always been two interpretations: “One-layer Qi-only theory” which believed that Vacuity, Qi, Mind and Nature are homogeneous and belong to the same layer. However, according to the “Two-layer transcendence theory”, Vacuity, Qi, Mind and Nature are heterogeneous nor do they belong to the same layer. Through a comparative analysis of phenomenology, we can find that the more reasonable interpretation of Zhang Zai’s philosophy should be “one-layer transcendence theory”: “one-level” means that Vacuity, Qi, Mind, and Nature are homogeneous. The primeval chaos is equal to the knowledge of virtue or the nature of heaven and earth;the objective Qi and its form entail the knowledge of seeing and hearing, which is the nature of objective Qi;“transcendence” means that knowledge of virtue, a transcendental force that is endless and vibrant, constantly promoting the knowledge of seeing and hearing constructs objective Qi and its form, that is, the universe.
出处
《社会科学》
CSSCI
北大核心
2022年第10期28-38,共11页
Journal of Social Sciences
基金
国家社会科学基金一般项目“《中庸集释》编撰与《中庸》字义疏证”(项目编号:19BZX045)的阶段性成果。
关键词
张载
虚气
心性
现象学
Zhang Zai
Vacuity and Qi
Mind and Nature
Phenomenology
作者简介
杨少涵,华侨大学国际儒学研究院暨哲学与社会发展学院教授。
