摘要
失业保险基金为缓和疫情带来的就业压力做出了很大贡献,但其结余率过高、领取率过低却属历史痼疾,说明其运行效率仍有改善空间。本文分析了基金结余形成机制:(1)政策漂移:支出范围限制以及过低的失业金标准导致资金流入多而流出少,基金难以充分转化为保障而是沉淀下来;(2)政策转化:失业保险参保率偏低且待遇发放环节因基金安全考虑而限制较多;(3)政策重叠:失业保险与财政就业补助资金、低保制度之间存在重叠,资金重复配置。根本上,失业保险与劳动力市场等宏观结构脱嵌导致“高险低保、高保低险”的错配。本研究有助于理解中国社会政策的利用率和风险再分配机制,进而改善失业保险对失业者的保障作用和对抗经济周期的功能。
The unemployment insurance(UI hereafter)fund has made a great contribution to alleviating the employment pressure caused by the Covid-19 pandemic,but its high surplus rate and low recipiency rate are chronic problems,indicating that UI performance has yet to be improved.This study examined several mechanisms that lead to the huge surpluses of UI:(1)Policy drift:restrictions on expenditure and low replacement rate of unemployment benefits keep fund inflow high but outflow low,and consequently UI fund cannot be fully transformed into benefits.(2)Policy conversion:as a minor insurance scheme,UI was undermined in the frontline operation which is manifested with lower coverage,and restrictions for receiving unemployment benefits.(3)Policy layering:UI overlaps with employment funds and the Minimum Living Standard Security.Fundamentally,the inconsistence between labor market and UI created risk-protection mismatch:high risk groups are inadequately insured while low risk groups are highly insured.Those findings contribute to a better understanding of the evolution of Chinese social policy and the redistribution of risk and protection,which can help to improve UI’s roles in protecting the jobless and coping with business cycle.
作者
刘军强
Liu Junqiang(School of Social Sciences,Tsinghua University)
出处
《管理世界》
CSSCI
北大核心
2022年第6期101-116,共16页
Journal of Management World
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(基金号:71874213)
教育部人文社科研究项目(17YJA840010)的资助。
关键词
失业保险
基金结余
政策利用率
风险错配
unemployment insurance
fund surpluses
policy take-up rate
risk-protection mismatch
