摘要
本文根据传世文献,特别是和田地区出土的于阗语和汉语文书,对唐代于阗农业生长和种植做一番整体考察。于阗地区的主要粮食作物包括小麦(Triticum aestivum)、青麦(Hordeum vulgare var.nudum)、粟(Setaria italia)、糜(Panicum miliaceum),其中小麦是于阗人种植的主要粮食作物,是主要的食用粮食;青麦也是主要粮食,尤其是普通百姓的食物,同时还是马、牛等牲畜的饲料;粟是于阗大量种植的作物;糜虽也是于阗人的粮食之一,但比重似不如小麦、青麦和粟。这四种收成是于阗人纳税的主要来源。《梁书》和《隋书》都说于阗农作物中有稻,但目前所见出土文书中涉及稻米的很少。我们勾稽出5件提到稻米的汉文文书,基本都来自和田河西岸的麻札塔格遗址,说明这一带因为靠近和田河,曾种植水稻。于阗的主要经济作物有桑、麻、棉。至少在5—6世纪,于阗已经有蚕桑生产,从《大唐西域记》和出土文书看,生产颇具规模。麻也在于阗普遍种植,成为主要交税物品。此外还种植油麻(芝麻)。棉又被称作白■(緤),是于阗人的日常服装用料。总之,出土文书最真切地反映了唐朝于阗地区的农业种植情况,甚至可以看出一些物产的比重,以及于阗王国范围内不同区域的不同情况。
This paper presents an overall survey on the agriculture and cultivation in Khotan during the Tang period,based on the data from literal sources,particularly from the unearthed documents in Khotanese and Chinese.The main corps in the Khotan region included wheat(Triticum aestivum),Barley(Hordeum vulgare var.nudum),Millet(Setaria italia),and proso millet(Panicum miliaceum).Wheat was the most important grain to cultivate for consumption.Barley was also a major grain,especially for ordinary people;it served as forage for horses and cattle,too.The cultivation of millet in Khotan was also in a large scale.The cultivation of proso millet seemed,however,not so widely cultivated as the above-mentioned crops.In contrast to the records of rice cultivation in Khotan in Liangshu and Suishu,the unearthed documents rarely mention rice.Only 5 Chinese documents refer to rice,all of which were unearthed from the site of Mazar Tagh on the bank of the Khotan River.The production of rice in this area probably resulted from its adjacency to the river.Mulberry,hemp and cotton were major commercial crops in Khotan.Sericulture emerged in Khotan at the latest by the 5-6^(th) century.As is seen in the records of Datang xiyu ji and various unearthed documents,the scale was relatively large.Hemp was also widely cultivated and collected as a kind of tax.Cotton was referred to as Baidie,serving as the major fabric for clothes.The unearthed documents provide most reliable data to examine the agriculture and cultivation of the region of Khotan during the Tang period.In specific,the proportions of different crops and the areal difference in cultivation can even be traced.
作者
朱丽双
荣新江
Zhu Lishuang;Rong Xinjiang
出处
《中国经济史研究》
CSSCI
北大核心
2022年第3期31-42,共12页
Researches in Chinese Economic History
关键词
唐代
于阗
绿洲农业
Tang Dynasty
Khotan
Oasis Agriculture
作者简介
朱丽双,兰州大学敦煌学研究所教授,兰州,730001,邮箱:zhulishuangpku@foxmail.com;荣新江,北京大学中国古代史研究中心教授,北京,100871,邮箱:rxj@pku.edu.en。
