从“四民分业”到“四民不分”--唐宋时期的职业流动与社会结构变迁被引量：2

From“Occupational Differentiation of Four Social Classes”to Its Cancellation--A Study of the Occupational Mobility and Change in Social Structure in the Tang and Song Dynasties

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摘要在唐宋时期商品经济复苏和不断繁荣的进程中,伴随工商入仕禁令、中古自耕农超经济强制等职业壁垒的动摇和破除,科举向社会各阶层的逐步开放,受求取功名与获取财富的双重目标的激励,以农、工、商追逐仕进与农转向工、商为显著特征的职业流动,以及士、农、工、商的各业兼营,促成了官僚、地主、商人的三位一体化和小农、小工、小商的三位一体化。职业之间转换互通、对流兼容的渐趋频繁并日臻常态化,使得汉晋以降职业领域中的封闭僵化状态被开放灵活的格局取而代之,“四民分业”完成了向“四民不分”的转变。而不断加剧的职业流动,又缔造出官僚队伍以“寒人为中坚”、职业分工由“四民”衍化为“六民”、职业层级差别淡化的新型职业结构,社会结构一定程度上因此而呈现出开放化、平民化、平等化的色彩,中国传统社会后期的基本样式得以在此基础上定型。 The recovery and subsequent prosperity of commodity economy in the Tang and Song dynasties resulted in the lifting of bans on merchants to enter the world of officialdom and the removal of non-economic barriers that had existed in medieval times for self-employed farmers to get employed in other occupations.Imperial examinations were gradually open to all social classes,and the pursuit for fame and wealth produced enough impetus for occupational mobility to take place,marked by farm⁃ers,artisans and businessmen becoming officials,or farmers becoming artisans and businessmen,or the integration of officials,landlords and merchants,or that of petty farmers,workshop owners and merchants.Such occupational mobility and the frequent switch-over between occupations that came with it became a normal way of life,replacing the enclosed and rigid occupational system that had ex⁃isted since the Han and Jin dynasties with a more open and more elastic system,so that the traditional occupational differentiation of population into four social classes was canceled.The increasing occupa⁃tional mobility also allowed people of poorer families to become backbones of the officialdom,and gave people six instead of four occupational choices.The hierarchical differences between occupations di⁃minished or were ignored,giving rise to a new social structure which was more open,more peoplecentered,and more equal,a structure that laid the foundation for traditional Chinese society of later times to be built on.

作者曾育荣柯桂林 ZEN Yurong;KE Guilin

机构地区湖北大学历史文化学院武汉市武珞路中学

出处《思想战线》 CSSCI 北大核心 2022年第1期75-90,共16页 Thinking

关键词职业流动社会结构商品经济四民分业四民不分 Occupational mobility Social structure Commodity economy The separation of four class of people’s occupation The integration of four class of people’s occupation

分类号 K24 [历史地理—中国史]

作者简介曾育荣,湖北大学历史文化学院教授、博士生导师(湖北武汉,430062);柯桂林,武汉市武珞路中学高级教师(湖北武汉,430064)。