摘要
古代的年节礼俗,多与庆祝农业收获有关。甲骨文“年”除了表示本义的年成收获和表示引申义的年岁时间外,还没有形成后世所谓年节意义上的“过年”概念。甲骨卜辞中常见“求年”“受年”及“受黍年”“受稷年”等辞例占卜,正是用“年”字的本义,即卜问农作物庄稼的收获年成。“祀”既表示祭祀,也表示周祭祖先神灵一遍所用的时间。“年”“岁”“祀”在商代晚期都可以表示年岁的意思。先秦时期的“改岁”就是过年。年终岁尾的祭祀,主要是蜡祭和腊祭,蜡祭是为了农业丰收而祭祀农业百神(诸虫),腊祭是用狩猎所获野生动物腊肉祭祀祖先神。到了秦汉时期,腊祭几乎完全取代了蜡祭,成为过年非常重要的祭祀活动。本来只与祭先祖的腊祭有关的腊日,到了汉时已与祭百神的蜡祭含混为一了。
The ancient harvesting festival customs were mostly related to celebrating the harvest.Except expressing the annual harvest in its original meaning and the age time in its extended meaning,the oracle bone inscriptions“Nian”(年)had not formed the concept of the so-called“Guo Nian”(过年)in the sense of festival in later generations.In oracle bone inscriptions,words such as“Qiu Nian”(求年),“Shou Nian”(受年),“Shou Shu Nian”(受黍年)and“Shou Ji Nian”(受稷年)are common.These divination uses the original meaning of the word“Nian”,that is,the harvest year of crops.“Si”(祀)means not only sacrifice,but also the time spent in sacrificing the ancestors and deities.“Nian”,“Sui”(岁)and“Si”all expressed the meaning of year in the late Shang Dynasty.In the pre-Qin period,“Gai Sui”(改岁)was the new year.The sacrifices at the end of the year are mainly Zhaji(蜡祭)and Laji(腊祭).The Zhaji is to sacrifice the agricultural deities(insects)for agricultural harvest.The Laji is to sacrifice the ancestral deities with the preserved meat of wild animals obtained from hunting.In the Qin and Han Dynasties,Laji almost completely replaced Zhaji and became a very important sacrificial activity for the new year.In the Han Dynasty,the Laji,which was originally only related to sacrifice ancestors,was confused with the Zhaji to hundreds of deities.
出处
《中原文化研究》
2022年第1期76-85,共10页
The Central Plains Culture Research
关键词
先秦
年
岁
祀
蜡祭
腊祭
Pre-Qin Period
Nian(年)
Sui(岁)
Si(祀)
Zhaji(蜡祭)
Laji(腊祭)
作者简介
朱彦民,男,历史学博士,南开大学历史学院教授、博士生导师,先秦史研究室主任、中国社会史研究中心研究员(天津300350),主要从事先秦史、甲骨学、殷商文化研究。
