摘要
在人是否有意志自由的问题上,学界有两类回答,即意志自由论的回答和无意志自由论的回答。但二者的立论均有纰漏,并且各自要证明的观点也存在问题。意志自由对人来说,既不是前者说的恒有或全有,也不是后者说的恒无或全无,而是有的时境有,有的时境无。每个时代的每个社会中的人的活动,既有自主自愿做出的情形,也有不是自主自愿的情形。由必然性因果关系构成的各种自然规律,对人的意志和活动不起作用。人能超越自然规律的支配,主要在于人类会创造。人若还有不自由的情形,都是自己造成的。其中的决定因素是制度,因本性自利的人势必怀赏畏罚,而制度性社会赏罚机制正是社会中最为强大的制约力量。社会制度决定人们活动的方式、方向成为社会规律。社会规律的存在不意味人全无自由,一个人如果是社会制度的定制者,那么他遵行社会制度的规定,是有自由及意志自由的体现。
On the question of whether people have freedom of the will,there are two types of answers in academic circles:the answer of freedom of the will and the answer of freedom of no will. But the arguments of both are flawed,and the viewpoints they have to prove are not right. For people,freedom of the will is neither the former’s permanence or all,nor the latter’s perseverance or nothing,but the existence of certain circumstances and the absence of certain circumstances. A well-founded definition of freedom of the will shows that people in every society of every age all have a decision to do or not to do,whether they make a decision voluntarily or not. These two opposite situations coexist in human activities,showing that various natural rules with inevitable causality have no effect on human will and activities. The main reason that human can transcend the domination of natural rules lies in their ability to create. From then on,if people are not free of the situation,it is caused by themselves. The decisive factor is the system,for people who are self-interested by nature are bound to have rewards,fears and punishments,and the system of social rewards and punishments is the most powerful force of rewards and punishments in society. Therefore,the social system determines the direction of human’s activities as a social law. The existence of social laws does not mean that people have no freedom at all,because if a person is a customizer of the social system,he or she abides by the regulations of the social system,which is just the embodiment of freedom. It can be seen from this that as long as it is a social system customizer,there is comprehensive freedom;as long as it is not a social system customizer,there is basically no freedom. This can be described as the rule of freedom.
作者
韩东屏
HAN Dongping(School of Philosophy,Huazhong University of Science&Technology)
出处
《当代中国价值观研究》
2021年第1期5-21,共17页
Chinese Journal of Contemporary Values
基金
国家社会科学基金重大项目“大数据时代生物样本库的哲学研究”(19ZDA039)
2020年国家社科基金后期资助项目“文化工具论”(20FZXB035)
教育部人文社科项目“人类增强技术的伦理问题与治理研究”(20YJAZH076)
湖北省教育厅人文社科基金项目“神经科学技术的伦理治理问题研究”(20G037)的阶段性成果。
关键词
意志自由
意志自由论
无意志自由论
规律
自由规律
freedom of the will
the theory of freedom of the will
freedom of no will
rule
rule of freedom
作者简介
韩东屏,华中科技大学哲学院教授。
