摘要
The importance of investigating pedestrian safety has been evaluated repeatedly in safety studies.The present study attempts to evaluate the various methods used by previous researchers in a hierarchical process,to determine the characteristics,advantages,and limitations of each method.Two general analysis approaches(passive and active) were taken into account to categorize 169 previous types of research.In the passive approach,the studied methods were those based on crash databases,questionnaires,and post-crash field observation data;while,in the active approach,the studied methods were those based on driving simulations and videography.The result of the passive approach reveals that road users’ features and road characteristics(crash database studies),and error,lapses,intentional and unintentional violations(questionnaire studies) by them were among the most important causes of crashes and conflicts.Furthermore,road users’ distractions also reported a set of factors affecting the possibility of conflicts and crashes based on postcrash field observation studies.Also,results of the active approach showed that risky behaviors are the most important factor in threatening pedestrian safety such as unauthorized speeding,non-compliance with traffic law,unauthorized overtaking by drivers,and illegal crossing.Furthermore,risk perception and decision-making processes are the mostimportant bond between the attitude and behavior of road users in dangerous driving situations.Examining studies through passive approach would lead to identifying the causes of crashes,recognizing the attitude of road users towards safety,and determining road users’ behavioral patterns in certain situations,while the active approach has led to a more detailed understanding of behaviors and attitudes of road users.The inference of the findings obtained in this study will lead to a better understanding of the behavior of road users for studies on advanced driving assistance systems(ADAS).
作者简介
Abbas Sheykhfard received his BSc degree in civil engineering from Jundi Shapur University,Iran in 2013,and the MSc degree in road and transportation engineering at Babol Noshirvani University of Technology,Iran in 2016.Currently,he is a PhD candidate in road and transportation engineering at the Babol Noshirvani University of Technology,Iran.Besides,He has been working on his PhD thesis as a visiting researcher at Delft University of Technology,The Netherlands.E-mail addresses:a.sheykhfard@nit.ac.ir;Corresponding author:Farshidreza Haghighi received the BEng degree in civil engineering from Babol Noshirvani University of Technology(NIT)in 2001 and the PhD degree in transportation engineering from the Iran University of Science and Technology,in 2011.He is currently an assistant professor at the Department of Civil Engineering,Babol Noshirvani University of Technology(NIT).His research interests lie in the general areas of traffic safety,traffic calming,and urban transportation planning.Tel.:+989123343483,E-mail addresses:haghighi@nit.ac.ir;Eleonora Papadimitriou is an assistant professor of the Faculty of Technology,Policy and Management,TU Delft,The Netherlands.Eleonora's research interests lie in transport safety,risk assessment and modelling,user behaviour with emphasis on vulnerable road users,infrastructure safety management and efficiency assessment.She has more than 17 years of research experience mostly within international research projects of the European Commission and other international organisations(e.g.,OECD/ITF,WHO,UNECE,CEDR).E-mail addresses:e.papadimitriou@tudelft.nl;Pieter Van Gelder is the professor of the Faculty of Technology,Policy and Management at TU Delft.He is the chairman of the ESRA Technical Committee on Natural Hazards(European Safety and Reliability Association)and Advisory Board member of TNO Defence,Safety and Security and ANVS(Authority on Nuclear Safety and Radiation Protection).Van Gelder's research focuses on probability analysis(including data analytics,QRA,BBN,uncertainty analysis,sensitivity analysis,safety chain,game theory,inspection strategies and optimization)and modelling conflicting values(such as safety vs.security,privacy,economic costs,durability,etc.).E-mail addresses:,p.h.a.j.m.vangelder@tudelft.nl.
