摘要
位列中国四大名著之首的《红楼梦》,长期以来都是学界研究的热点。在人与自然的和谐关系日益受到关注的今天,从生态学的视角来欣赏这部文学巨著,发现其蕴含了大量朴素的生态意识。首先,大观园本身就是一个完整的生境系统。大观园的整体布局,充分考虑到了人工建筑对自然环境的适应性,自然与人文景观组成了互融共存之境。通过木石前盟的神话建构,阐释了人类与自然万物之间的同源性;园中主要人物性格与其居所环境安排之间的紧密关联以及人物命运走向,都体现了居者性格与行为同自然风貌之间的相互形塑与影响,实现了《红楼梦》中人、情、景的有机统一。其次,通过对大观园内外政治生态系统的深刻描画,《红楼梦》展现了一个由鲜明的等级层次以及复杂的社会关系所形成的高度互利共生的生态群落体系。阶层间的关系有竞争、排斥、种间互助和寄生。处在顶级层次的统治者,不断富集生态资源,巩固自己的生态位,防止次级阶层的僭越。处于次级阶层的群族一方面想方设法与更高级群落争夺生态位,另一方面在自己的亚文化生境里寻找领袖快感和自我认同。处于最低级层次的群族,在自我保护与相互排挤中生存,以摆脱"被吃"的危险。群落演替不是回到原初状态,而是进行生态资源的再分配,为个体完成社会层次的跨越提供了可能,增强了生态系统内部的能量流动和物质循环,使整个系统趋近动态的平衡。最后,《红楼梦》突破了传统的男权统治逻辑,代表了早期生态女权主义意识的觉醒。对女性在德、才、能等方面的塑造与赞美,成为促进女性解放的前兆。《红楼梦》对自然与政治生态环境的描述和阐释,是现代生态思想在文学领域的萌芽。
A Dream of Red Mansions,ranking the first in China's Four Great Classic Novels,has long been a hot spot in academic research.Today,with increasing attention being paid to the harmonious relationship between man and nature,people tend to appreciate the great literary work from an ecological perspective for its ecological consciousness.First of all,the Grand View Garden itself was a complete habitat system.Taking full account of the adaptability of artificial buildings to the natural environment,the overall layout of the Grand View Garden displayed a harmonious environment of mutual integration and coexistence.The legend of the former alliance of wood and stone in the novel interpretated the homology of man and nature.The close relationship between the characters of the protagonists in the Garden and the environmental arrangement of their residences and the fate of the protagonists reflected the mutual shaping and interrelationship between the characters and behaviors of the residents and the natural environments,displaying the correlation among people,emotion and environment.Secondly,through a profound description of the political ecosystem inside and outside the Grand View Garden,the novel unfolded a highly mutualistic and symbiotic ecological community formed by distinct hierarchical levels and complex social relations.The relationships between classes included competition,exclusion,interspecific mutual assistance and parasitism.Rulers at the top level constantly enriched ecological resources,consolidated their niches and prevented the transgression of the sub-class.On the one hand,the sub-class groups tried their best to compete with the higher-level communities for niches,but on the other,they looked for leadership pleasure and self-identity in their own sub-cultural habitats.Groups at the lowest level survived with self-protection and mutual exclusion,trying to escape from the danger of“being eaten”.The community succession was not to return to the original state,but to redistribute ecological resources,providing possibilities for individuals to complete the social leaps,enhancing the energy flow and material circulation in the ecosystem,and making the whole system get close to the dynamic balance.Finally,A Dream of Red Mansions,breaking through the traditional logic of male domination,represented the awakening of early ecological feminism.The depiction and praising of women's morality,talent and ability were the precursor to women's emancipation of the mind.The description and interpretation of the natural,political and ecological environment in A Dream of Red Mansions were the bud of modern ecological thought in the field of literature,which is of enlightening significance to the current ecological civilization construction of China.
作者
张砚宸
王全权
Zhang Yanchen;Wang Quanquan(Faculty of Humanities&Social Sciences,Nanjing Forestry University)
出处
《南京林业大学学报（人文社会科学版）》
2021年第3期98-110,共13页
Journal of Nanjing Forestry University(Humanities and Social Sciences Edition)
关键词
《红楼梦》
大观园
生态思想
政治生态
生态女权主义意识
A Dream of Red Mansions
the Grand View Garden
ecological thought
political ecology
ecofeminist consciousness
作者简介
张砚宸,南京林业大学人文社会科学学院硕士研究生;王全权,南京林业大学人文社会科学学院教授。
