摘要
佛教公元前6世纪产生于印度,大约经过了1500多年的发展和演变,到了公元11世纪却在印度本土消失,或者说,被印度教所同化。为什么佛教会被印度教同化,佛教与印度教到底是什么关系?佛教产生之初,虽然反对印度教的种姓歧视,倡导众生平等和无神论思想,但是它也吸纳了印度教奥义书的许多思想,如业报轮回、解脱等。到了大乘时期,佛教的思想与印度教逐渐接近,它放弃了无神论思想,开始把佛祖释迦牟尼神化,奉他为全知全能的最高人格神。另外,大乘佛教的理论过度玄虚化,晦涩难懂,脱离了广大民众。7世纪,佛教密教化。密教大量吸收印度教性力派的理论、仪礼和咒语等,故使佛教在理论和修行上失去了自身的独立性,使它与印度教难以区分,这为佛教最终被印度教同化准备了条件。
Buddhism was created in India around 6 th century B.C.and thrived there for 1500 years before it disappeared or was assimilated by Hinduism by 11 th century.Why did this happen and what connections were there between the two religions?These are the key issues that this paper attempts to tackle.This author holds that Buddhism,in its fighting against the caste system for universal equality and atheism at its early stage,had also assimilated such ideas as Samsara and Moksa from the Upanishads.In the Mahayana phase,Buddhism gradually got closer to Hinduism,abandoned atheism and deified Sakyamuni,the founder of Buddhism,as the omnipotent God.Moreover,the doctrines of Mahayana Buddhism became over metaphysical and obscure,cutting itself from its broad masses of followers.Around 7 th century,Buddhism was tantalized and assimilated a lot of theories,rites and incantations from Hindu Saktism.Consequently,Tantric Buddhism further lost its independence in theory and practice,blurring the distinction between Buddhism and Hinduism,and thus paved the way for its assimilation into the latter.This paper has also discussed the external causes and conditions for the decline of Buddhism in India.
出处
《南亚东南亚研究》
2021年第3期138-151,158,共15页
South and Southeast Asian Studies
关键词
佛教
印度教
婆罗门教
大乘佛教
密教
Buddhism
Hinduism
Brahmanism
Mahayana Buddhism
Tantric Buddhism
作者简介
朱明忠(1943-),中国社会科学院亚太与全球战略研究院研究员,主要研究领域:印度哲学与宗教。
