摘要
Many grassland-based dairy farms are intensifying production,i.e.,produce more milk per ha of land in response to the increasing demand for milk(by about 2%per year)in a globalized market.However,intensive dairy farming has been implicated for its resources use,ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions,and eutrophication impacts.This paper addresses the question of how the intensity of dairy production relates to N and P surpluses and use efficiencies on farms subjected to agri-environmental regulations.Detailed monitoring data were analyzed from 2858 grassland-based dairy farms in The Netherlands for the year 2015.The farms produced on average 925 Mg·yr^(-1)milk.Milk production per ha ranged from<10 to>30 Mg·ha^(-1)·yr^(-1).Purchased feed and manure export strongly increased with the level of intensification.Surpluses of N and P at farm level remained constant and ammonia emissions per kg milk decreased with the level of intensification.In conclusion,N and P surpluses did not differ much among dairy farms greatly differing in intensity due to legal N and P application limits and obligatory export of manure surpluses to other farms.Further,N and P use efficiencies also did not differ among dairy farms differing in intensity provided the externalization of feed production was accounted for.This paper provides lessons for proper monitoring and control of N and P cycling in dairy farming.
作者简介
Correspondence:Jouke OENEMA,jouke.oenema@wur.nl。
