摘要
20世纪60年代,一批社会学家提出“医学化”的概念,并在此基础上提出“死亡医学化”,呼吁人们反思是否应该完全由医学来决定人何时死亡、以何种形式死亡,甚至是否死亡。着眼于死亡医学化这一概念,首先对医学化的概念和相关理论的演变加以介绍,进而对死亡医学化的定义和产生的影响进行简要分析,认为死亡医学化带来的影响包括死亡的机构化、死亡仪式的弱化以及加剧拒绝死亡的社会文化。在此基础上,提出对死亡医学化加以反思,要认识到医学的局限性,不要再继续营造拒绝死亡的社会文化,并且要善于利用死亡的社会属性和文化属性帮助临终者更好地度过临终期,帮助亡者家属更好地度过哀伤期。最后,呼吁医务工作者和医学工程研究者关注患者除医学外的其他需求,避免唯科学论和唯技术论。
In the 1960s,a group of sociologists proposed the concept of“medicalization.”They further proposed a concept of“the medicalization of death”and called for serious reflection.They questioned if medicine should decide when people should die,in what way,and if they are dead.This article focuses on the medicalization of death,and comprises three sections.In the first section,the concept of medicalization is introduced along with the evolutions of relevant theories.The second section introduces the concept of the medicalization of death and analyzes the impacts of the medicalization of death on human society,including institutionalized death,weakened death rituals,and an intensified culture of denial of death.In the third section,the medicalization of death is scrutinized and reflected on,and the following suggestions are proposed:first,humans should realize the limitations of medicine;second,the culture of“denial of death”should be stopped;and third,medical practitioners should utilize the social and cultural nature of death to enable dying more appropriately and to help the family better cope with bereavement.In the end,an appeal is presented to medical practitioners and medical engineering researchers to pay attention to patients’non-medical needs and to avoid scientism and technicalism.
作者
李京儒
林玲
Li Jingru;Lin Ling(Bioethics Centre,University of Otago,Dunedin 9016,New Zealand;School of Humanities and Social Sciences,Peking Union Medical College,Beijing 100005,China)
关键词
死亡医学化
福柯
死亡文化
医学工程
medicalization of death
Foucault
culture of death
medical engineering
作者简介
通讯作者:李京儒(1990-),女,博士生(在读),研究方向为生命伦理学和医疗政策。E-mail:liji3617@student.otago.ac.nz;林玲(1990-),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向为神经伦理学。E-mail:linling714@163.com。
