共享单车难题及其治理研究——基于CSG分析框架被引量：13

Bicycle-sharing Governance Dilemma and Its Solution——Based on CSG analysis framework

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摘要近年来共享单车迅速席卷国内城市,在提供民众出行便利、创新城市交通提供方式和带来绿色低碳共享生活方式的同时,也出现不规范停放、人为破坏、私自上锁、无序竞争、押金难退等问题。对此,现有研究予以了极大关注,但聚焦共享单车内在属性及所处情境视角的较少,既有的研究也局限于"是否具有共享经济"属性,未从属性中发掘共享单车的内在性状冲突、复杂情境与治理困境。而事实上,只有立足共享单车的产品属性,对其复杂情境和治理药方进行研究分析,才能从深层次寻求有效的治理策略。原因有三:一是共享单车的内在特性冲突。共享单车作为可分享性而非共享性资源,面临"易据为己有的独占性与公共使用性的张力";同时,其产权区别于纯私人物品、不是严格意义的公共物品但又具有一定程度的公共使用性,决定了又面临"私用性与公共性"矛盾、"个体使用与公益平衡"困境;二是复杂情境。共享单车的运营、使用及管理面临着理性自利的个体使用者、孱弱的制度规范、盲目的商业竞争、相对滞后的城市管理、薄弱的单车自治组织等多个利益相关者交织的复杂情境;三是协同缺失。共享单车涉及的多利益主体及复杂情境,导致各主体分散治理问题重重,协同治理几近缺失。实际上,作为新生事物,共享单车的特殊属性,加上面临的复杂情境,不但使其身陷治理困境,也导致科层治理、市场治理、自主治理和网络治理等传统治理药方均难奏效。因此,有效"治理"(Governance,即药方),应以分析治理对象"属性"(Character,即DNA)和把脉其所处的治理"情境"(Situation,即病因)为前提。鉴于属性和情境交互影响,特别是治理手段最终决定治理绩效,可构建基于属性—情境—治理的CSG分析框架。基于此框架,通过提取特性、把脉情境和诊断治理发现,有效的治理药方为转型、制度和机制三大方面,即需要从共享经济转型、制度安排和机制构建方面破解共享单车治理困境:一是在科学测算和严格管控的基础上,共享过剩产能;二是综合考量制度供给,推进制度变迁;三是构建起有效的合作机制,促进协同治理。 In the past years,bicycle-sharing rapidly swept through most cities in China.Despite of providing great convenience and improving urban traffic,problems have emerged as well such as undisciplined parking,artificial damage,unauthorized lock,disorderly competition,and deposit detainment etc..Although the existing research has paid great attention to these issues,there are few studies on the analysis of the intrinsic attributes and situations of bicycle-sharing.Limited research is only limited to the“attributes of sharing economy or not”and there is few research on trait conflict,internal contradiction and governance dilemma of bicycle-sharing.In fact,only based on the product attributes of bicycle-sharing,can research and analysis of complex situations and governance prescriptions seek governance strategies in a deep level.There are three reasons:the first is the conflict of bicycle-sharing features.As a shareable rather than a shared resource,there is an“easy-to-own exclusivity by individual and tension of public use”.At the same time,its property rights are different from private goods,which means they are not strictly collective goods but have a certain degree of public use.These attributes give rise to the contradiction between“privacy and publicity”and the dilemma of“individual use and multi-party supervision”.The second is a complex situation.The operation,use and management of bicycle-sharing are faced with complex and self-interested individual users,weak institutional norms,blind commercial competition,relatively backward urban management,and weak bicycle autonomous organizations.The third is the lack of synergy.The multi-stakeholders and complex situations involved in bicycle-sharing have led to the problem of decentralized governance among various entities,and collaborative governance is almost lack.In fact,as a new thing,the special attributes of bicycle-sharing plus the complex situation faced,not only make it trap in the governance dilemma,but also lead to the failure of traditional bureaucratic governance,market governance,self-governance and network governance.Therefore,effective“governance”(prescription)should be based on the analysis of the“attribute”(DNA)of the governance object and the governance“situation”(cause)in which it is located.Given the interaction between“attribute”and“context”and“governance tools”ultimately determining the“governance performance”,a CSG(character-situation-governance)analysis framework can be set up.Based on this framework,through the extraction of features,the pulse of context,the diagnosis of governance,effective governance prescriptions are embodied in three aspects:transformation,institutions and mechanisms.It is necessary to break the dilemma of bicycle-sharing governance from the transition of shared economy,institutional arrangements,and mechanism construction:first,on the basis of scientific calculation and strict control,it is suggested to share excess capacity.Second,it is advisable to comprehensively consider the supply of the institution and promote institutional changes.Third,it is suggested to build an effective cooperation mechanism to promote collaborative governance.

作者韩艺陈露 HAN Yi;CHEN Lu(Center for Anti-Corruption Studies,Nanchang University,Nanchang 330031,China;School of Public Administration,Nanchang University,Nanchang 330031,China)

机构地区南昌大学廉政研究中心南昌大学公共管理学院

出处《四川理工学院学报（社会科学版）》 CSSCI 北大核心 2019年第1期40-61,共22页 Journal of Sichuan University of Science & Engineering(Social Sciences Edition)

基金国家社会科学基金项目(12CZZ040) 江西省高校人文社会科学重点研究基地招标项目(JD16148)

关键词共享单车治理困境 CSG分析框架协同治理共享经济转型制度变迁治理绩效 bicycles-haring governance dilemma CSG analysis framework collaborative governance transformation of sharing economy institutional change governance performance