摘要
不锈钢以其自身所具有的高度稳定特性,在生活和工业尤其是石油化工行业中得到越来越广泛的应用,成为当今必不可少的材料之一。然而,作为当前材料损失三大世界难题之一的金属腐蚀,则成为不锈钢材料进一步扩展使用领域的主要壁垒。目前,解决不锈钢材料腐蚀的主要措施有涂层及改变材料中的元素和含量(合金化)。涂层法的防护研究已取得了一定的进展,但仍存在着严重不足,涂料在生产和应用过程中对环境造成的二次污染,使其本身丧失了生存的能力。在石油化工行业中的材料腐蚀,不仅仅是来自于化工介质的直接侵蚀,更多的是在实际生产中的高温、高压和连续操作条件下综合作用的结果。而以改变材料的元素和含量为主的防护措施,不仅降低了涂层防护的弊端,而且能有效地改善石油化工管线设备的服役寿命。因此,近年来该方法已成为该领域的研究热点。合金化作为提高不锈钢耐腐蚀性能的重要途径之一,通过控制引入的微量元素种类和含量,充分挖掘微量元素的改善潜力是当前不锈钢合金化的主要方向。微量合金元素的可控加入,除了会改变原有主合金元素形成析出相的析出过程、分布、结构等来改善基体的性能,更多的作用形式则是通过自身形成特定的析出相,起到细化晶粒和强化等作用。因此,合理控制引入元素的种类和用量,是得到特定析出相进而实现改善不锈钢性能的关键。迄今为止,关于通过掺杂合金元素来提高不锈钢的耐腐蚀性能的研究工作,主要集中于单一掺杂常见的合金元素或者稀土元素对不锈钢材料的性能改善等方面。相关研究表明,相较于常见的合金元素,其他的微量元素如Co、Nb、Ru等同样在掺杂量较少的前提下能够实现对不锈钢耐蚀性能的优化。此外,在合金化过程中,复合添加合金元素既保持了单一元素自身的特定优势,也可以借助与其他元素间的相互作用达到较优异的改善效果。同时,大量的研究结果也发现,无论是单一或复合添加合金元素,合金元素的加入量对不锈钢中掺杂合金元素的改善作用至关重要。本文从改善不锈钢耐蚀性角度出发,总结了近些年合金化对不锈钢耐蚀性能影响的研究进展,同时对不同合金元素共存时对不锈钢耐蚀性能的影响进行了总结。在此基础上,指出了在不锈钢耐腐蚀研究和改善其耐蚀性能过程中存在的问题、可能的改善措施及未来可能的发展方向。
Stainless steel holds widespread application in daily life and industry,especially in petrochemical industry,owing to its high mechanical strength,generally good oxidation resistance at complex environment and excellent comprehensive properties.Unfortunately,stainless steel cannot ether escape from corrosion,one of the three tough problems causing the loss of materials,which seriously blocks the further application of stainless steel.Presently,there are primarily two approaches to prevent metal from corrosion,namely coating and changing the element and content of the materials(alloying).Certain progress has been achieved in study of coating protection,but there are still serious deficiencies.The secondary pollution caused by coating in the process of production and application deprives itself of the room for survival.Besides,the corrosion of materials in petrochemical industry is not only the direct erosion of chemical medium,but also the result of the combined action of high temperature,high pressure and continuous operation in practical production.Accordingly,the protective approach that mainly change the elements and contents of materials has become the research focus in this area,because it can not only overcome some malpractice of coating protection,but also effectively improve service life of petrochemical pipeline equipment.Alloying is one of the important approaches to improve the corrosion resistance of stainless steel.And it is the main stream of stainless steel alloying to fully explore the potential of microelements by controlling the types and contents of the introduced microelements.By controlled addition of microelements,the performance of the matrix will be enhanced due to the alteration of the precipitation process,distribution and structure of the original alloy elements;more importantly,grain refinement and strengthening will be achieved through the specific precipitated phase of the microelements in the alloying process.Consequently,it is the key to obtain specific precipitates and achieve performance improvement by reasonably controlling the type and amount of introduced elements.Up to now,the researches on improving corrosion resistance of stainless steel by doping alloying elements are mainly focused on doping single alloying elements or rare earth elements.Some related studies have demonstrated that the addition of trace Co,Nb,Ru,is also capable of optimizing the corrosion resistance of stainless steel.In addition,the combined additions of alloying elements not only preserve the specific advantages of a single element,but also boost the effect through the interaction between elements.Meanwhile,numerous research results have demonstrated that the addition amount of alloying elements play a dominant role in improving the performance of the alloy,regardless of the single or compound doping.From the point of view of improving the corrosion resistance of stainless steel,we summarize research progress of the effects of alloying elements,rare earth elements,other microelements,as well as the existence of various alloying elements on the anti-corrosion performance of stainless steel.Meanwhile,we point out the existing problems,the improvement measures and development trends in the research of corrosion behavior of stainless steel.
作者
毕凤琴
周帮
王勇
BI Fengqin;ZHOU Bang;WANG Yong(School of Mechanical Science and Engineering,Northeast Petroleum University,Daqing 163318)
出处
《材料导报》
EI
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2019年第7期1206-1214,共9页
Materials Reports
基金
国家自然科学基金(51401051)~~
关键词
不锈钢
合金元素
协同作用
耐蚀性能
稀土元素
stainless steel
alloy element
synergistic effect
anti corrosion performance
rare earth element
作者简介
毕凤琴,东北石油大学机械科学与工程学院教授、硕士研究生导师。1990年7月本科毕业于东北石油大学机械学院,2008年在东北石油大学油气储运工程专业取得博士学位,2008—2010年在中国石油大学(北京)进行博士后研究工作。主要从事材料腐蚀与防护技术及表面工程、材料失效分析与寿命预测和材料组织结构与性能的研究,先后承担了国家重大专项、省部级、市局级及横向科研课题20余项。bfq698@sina.com;周帮,2016年6月毕业于齐齐哈尔大学,获得工学学士学位。现为东北石油大学机械科学与工程学院硕士研究生,在毕凤琴教授的指导下进行研究。目前主要研究领域为金属的腐蚀与防护。
