摘要
针对目前果园开沟施肥存在的易伤树木根系、耕作能耗大、施肥不均等问题,该文研制了3SFBQ-500型果园气爆松土注肥机,采用液力辅助气铲激振的钻杆结构,建立液力辅助气铲钻土的力学模型及运动学方程,分析了钻杆的土力学关系,优化了钻头构型参数,优化后的钻头锥角60°、钻杆圆柱半径12.5 mm;设计了一种基于PLC控制的经济型多旋钮式开关操控系统,实现了机具手动、自动控制作业,一键操作可完成钻杆钻土、气爆松土、液肥注射、钻杆回升四步操作;在SolidWorks软件中建立了样机模型,并完成了样机的试制与田间试验工作。样机田间试验结果表明,气爆作用可在土体内部产生裂隙并扩散,300 mm钻深、0.8 MPa气爆压力下的土体最大裂隙宽约3~4 mm,裂隙扩展扰动半径约400 mm;土壤在气爆下发生扰动,扰动系数达50.11%;液肥在注肥机构作用下可在深土层中无堵塞喷射,并均匀扩散;样机操作简便,运行稳定,工作效率至少0.048 hm^2/h,满足果园施液肥农艺要求,适用于果树、园林、绿化地的施肥作业。
At present in the orchard fertilization process,the most widely used method is ditching and fertilizing method.However,orchard ditching and fertilizing technology has a series of problems,such as easy damage to tree roots,high energy consumption and uneven fertilizing.Meanwhile,soil compaction frequently exists in orchard land due to no farming in long years,which is not beneficial for rainwater leakage and nutrient transport in soil,so there is a great need to develop a new kind of fertilization machine.In this context,a3SFBQ-500type gas explosion subsoiling and fertilizer injection machine was designed,which used high pressure gas to shock soil body and then injected fertilizer.The drill pipe mechanism with pneumatic chipping hammer excitation and hydraulic assistance was designed to drill the soil,and the maximum drilling depth reached500mm.The dynamical model and kinematical equation of soil drilling by pneumatic chipping hammer with hydraulic assistance were established,and force analysis of drill pipe during soil drilling process was performed.The drill bit structure parameters were optimized as taper angle of60°and pipe radius of12.5mm.An economical multi-knob switch control system was made to improve the equipment automation degree and reduce the intensity of labor operations,which could make the machine operations controlled manually and automatically.The working processes of soil drilling,gas explosion subsoiling,liquid fertilizer injection and drill pipe rebound were completed in a key operation.Then the3D(three-dimensional)model of the whole machine was established using SolidWorks software.On this foundation,the machine prototype was produced.Afterwards,field experiments were carried out,and the results showed that soil fractures were created by gas explosion.Under the condition of0.8MPa gas pressure and300mm drilling depth,the maximum breadth of fractures was about3-4mm,the extension disturbance radius of fractures about400mm.In addition,the soil perturbation happened after gas explosion,and the soil perturbation coefficient was50.11%,which was calculated by gas-splitting soil fracture extension model of Murdoch L C.What was more,the liquid fertilizer was sprayed in deep soil with no stoppage and diffused uniformly in the role of high pressure pump.This new designed machine abandoned the traditional operation mode of first ditching,then fertilization,and then covering the soil,while adopted the new operation mode of gas explosion subsoiling and fertilizer injection.So the tree roots were not easily damaged and the fertilizer was evenly distributed,which was conducive to nutrient absorption of root in growth.The work efficiency was0.048hm2/h at least.What's more,with simple operation and stable performance,the new designed machine can meet the agronomic requirements of orchard,garden and city greening fertilization.
作者
奚小波
张瑞宏
单翔
金亦富
张剑峰
Xi Xiaobo;Zhang Ruihong;Shan Xiang;Jin Yifu;Zhang Jianfeng(College of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China;School of Hydraulic Energy and Power Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China)
出处
《农业工程学报》
EI
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2017年第24期35-43,共9页
Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
基金
国家重点研发计划(2016YFD0700903)
江苏省农机三新工程项目(NJ2017-11)
关键词
优化
设计
农业机械
气爆松土
注肥
气铲激振
液力辅助
PLC
optimization
design
agricultural machinery
gas explosion subsoiling
fertigation
pneumatic chipping hammer exciting
hydraulic boosting
PLC
作者简介
奚小波,男,江苏大丰人,博士生,主要从事农业机械设计与制造研究。Email:xxbctg@126.com;通信作者:张瑞宏,男,江苏江都人,教授,博导,主要从事农业工程及装备研究。Email:zhang-rh@163.com
