摘要
中世纪欧洲领主和农民的收入变化受制于人口和经济因素、庄园制和农奴制等体制性因素。人口和经济因素影响着土地持有、粮价、工资和地租等的变动,庄园制和农奴制使中世纪大地产放弃了古代不持有土地和无偿劳动的奴隶制的剥削方式,而授与农民份地并向其征收地租和税金。大致说,中世纪早中期人口和经济、庄园制和农奴制的上行导致领主收入增加和农民收入减少,而中世纪晚期人口和经济、庄园制和农奴制的下行则促使领主收入减少和农民收入增加。总的说,中世纪大地产上佃农的土地持有以及缴纳地租和税金是有法可依的,蛮族法典、土地登录簿和惯例书等组成的习惯法旨在将领主对农民剥削的种类和数量固定化和精确化,领主和农民均可以此为依据维护自己的利益。习惯法的出现不是领主恩赐的结果,而是植根于日尔曼人有关法律是人民制定的立法模式,以及中世纪农民对领主长达几个世纪坚持不懈的抗争。
The income distribution between lords and peasants in Medieval Europe was subject to the factor of population and economy and the institutional factor as manorial system and serfdom. The factor of population and economy influenced the changes of land holding, price of foodstuff, wage and rent, and manorial system and serfdom caused medieval great estates to abandon the means of exploitation with slavery which had no land and uncompensated labor in ancient times but to grant allotments to peasants and demand rent and due from them. Basically the upgoing of population and economy and manorial system and serfdom in Early and High Middle Ages made lords' revenues increase and peasants' earnings decrease, while the downgoing of them in Late Middle Ages urged lords' revenues decrease and peasants' earnings increase. In general, land-holding of tenants on great estates and the payments of rent and due were lawful, and customary laws which consisted of the barbaric codes, land registers and custumals aimed at making exploiting types and numbers of lords upon peasants immobilized and elaborated, by which lords and peasants could maintain their respective benefits. The appearance of customary laws was not out of lords' favor but rooted in the legislation model that the related laws of Germans were made by people and the insistent struggles of medieval peasants against lords for several centuries.
出处
《经济社会史评论》
2017年第4期4-25,共22页
Economic and Social History Review
基金
侯建新教授主持的国家社科基金重大招标项目"欧洲文明进程研究"(12&ZD185)中的子课题"收入与消费水平卷"(负责人为徐浩)的阶段性成果
作者简介
徐浩，中国人民大学历史学院教授。北京100872
