摘要
本文分为三个部分。首先,它鉴别、定义并描述了现代人道主义中的"法医人道主义"这一独特的新趋势。法医人道主义常常在暴行产生后得到运用,为的是回答两个问题:死者是谁,他们是怎么死的。这两个问题在多种背景中得到探讨,目的是确定暴行的问责制,对死者进行身份鉴别,将他们归还给其家人。事例包括:对阿根廷军人集团的犯罪调查,对危地马拉前总统里奥斯·蒙特的种族绝灭罪行的审判,将前南斯拉夫的死者遗骸归还给其家人,以及对西班牙内战秘密坟墓的挖掘。有两项必要急务使法医人道主义有着与更广义的人道主义鲜明不同的特点:裁决性和抚慰性。这两项必要急务以这样的方式得到展现:法医人道主义在审判暴行和应对人类苦难的过程中发挥着关键性作用。其次,本文梳理了法医人道主义的兴起史,指出塑造它的是四段特殊而又相关的历史的重合:人道主义历史、法律史、政治史和科学史。最后,本文提出以下问题:我们能否认为,作为法医人道主义实践活动的结果,死者是否可以被认为拥有人权了?
This article has three parts. First, it identifies,defines and characterises a distinctive trend in modern humanitarianism: that of 'forensic humanitarianism'. Forensic humanitarianism is often deployed in the wake of atrocity to answer two questions: who are the dead, and how were they killed? These questions have been addressed in diverse contexts with the aim of establishing accountability for atrocities and identifying and returning the dead to their families. Examples include the investigation of the crimes of Argentina's junta, the trial for genocide of Guatemala's former President Rios Montt, the return of human remains to families of the dead in the former-Yugoslavia, and the exhumation of clandestine civil war graves in Spain. Forensic humanitarianism is distinguished by two imperatives that are characteristic of humanitarianism more broadly:adjudicative and ameliorative. These imperatives manifest in the ways in which forensic humanitarianism plays a critical role in justice for atrocity and addresses human suffering. Second, the article historicises the emergence of forensic humanitarianism,showing that it has been shaped by the conjunction of four particular and related histories: humanitarian, legal, political and scientific. Third, and finally, the article asks whether, as a consequence of the practice of forensic humanitarianism, we can argue that the dead, now, can be understood to have human rights.
出处
《国际社会科学杂志（中文版）》
2017年第3期56-72,6,共18页
International Social Science Journal（Chinese Edition）
作者简介
克莱尔·蒙恩（Claire Moon），伦敦政治经济学院社会学系副教授和人权研究中心高级博士后，在转型期司法和人权领域发表过大量论著，目前正在撰写一部关于对暴行进行法医干预的著作。Email：c．moon@lse．ac．uk
