摘要
哲学中的理性主义被认为是造成现代极权主义政治的主要因素之一,哲学中的怀疑主义则自始就构成对理性主义的质疑和解构。与理性主义哲学的政治构想所呈现出的过于乐观、自信的情绪和志向不同,怀疑主义哲学则用一种相对悲观、谨慎的眼光打量人及其生活世界,洞察到人自身的幽暗本性、理性有限的缺陷以及生存多元的事实等,促使人类对自身及其生活的可能和局限具有更加清醒、真确的认识和理解。怀疑主义哲学因而包含了深刻的政治意蕴:对于任何试图依凭政治的方式创设所谓"完美至善"的人类生活世界的志向应抱有足够的警惕和审慎;在政治领域,人类适度而节制地表现自己作为人的能力实为一种明智之举。
From the view of the source of philosophy, rationalism and skepticism constitute two different ways and contexts of philosophical thoughts. In each subsequent course of development, rationalist philosophy moves gradually towards dogmatism, monism and realism because of its commitment to the pursuit of certainty. Under the influence and inspiration of modern natural science achievements, rationalist philosophy attempts to build a perfect earthly paradise in the world by virtue of the political methods, but results in bad political consequences of totalitarianism. As another branch of philosophy, skepticism takes questioning and critiquing rationalism as its own responsibility and mission from the beginning, examining and deconstructing the various forms of dogmatism which rationalism may bring. Therefore, to explore and reveal the political implication of skeptical philosophy has the positive significance andvalue for preventing and weakening the excessive effect of rationalism in politics to a certain extent. ＂Suspicion＂ is a word implying ＂exploration＂ and ＂reflection. ＂ Therefore, skepticism refers to a kind of exploration spirit which has the characteristics of profound reflection, not only in the narrow sense referring to the rational arrogance and rashness, but also in the broad sense examining the various objects and established conclusions in the world. Skepticism refuses blind confidence and obedience, reflects on humankind and their living world, with a questioning and critical attitude, carrying on continued inquiry and reflection to a variety of seemingly self-evident premises and bases of established eonelusion for clarifying concept, straightening out logic and ascertaining conclusion. We can even say that skepticism is more in line with the original meaning of philosophy： loving wisdom. Since the Sophists, skepticism always exists implicitly or explicitly in the entire development history of philosophy. As to questioning and deconstructing the political idea of rationalist philosophy, skeptical philosophy makes the opposite prineiples to refute it. First, rationalism has an optimistic, positive attitude towards human nature, believing that human nature can be perfected; but skepticism holds a pessimistic, gloomy impression for human nature, denying the possibility of human nature＇s perfection. Second, rationalism believes that reason is omnipotent, therefore it can realize the comprehensive control and planning for nature and society~ but skepticism holds that reason is limited, and it should be used moderately, without going too far. Third, rationalism believes that there exists a perfect way of life for everyone which can surely be realized eventually; but skepticism believes that the human way of life is full of varieties and differences ontologically, and there is no perfect way of life for each individuals. Skeptical philosophy reminds that humans in the political field should express their ability as human, raising political objectives prudently, exercising political power moderately and treating political speech tolerantly. Just as to prevent rationalism from moving to dogmatism, we should also prevent skepticism from sliding into anti-rationalism in the epistemology or nihilism in the theory of value because of its continued doubting attitude.
出处
《浙江大学学报（人文社会科学版）》
CSSCI
北大核心
2014年第3期175-186,共12页
Journal of Zhejiang University:Humanities and Social Sciences
关键词
怀疑主义哲学
审慎
节制
宽容
政治意蕴
理性主义
skeptical philosophy
prudence
moderation
tolerance
political meaning
rationalism
作者简介
万斌，男，浙江大学思想政治理论教学科研部教授，博士生导师，浙江省中国特色社会主义理论研究基地首席专家，主要从事马克思主义政治哲学、历史哲学研究；
刘彦朝，男，浙江大学公共管理学院博士研究生，浙江工业大学思想政治理论课教学与研究部副教授，主要从事政治哲学、政治思想史研究。
