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亚洲国家不断扩大的收入差距与对策 被引量:8

Confronting Rising Inequality in Asia
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摘要 亚洲发展中国家过去20年中经济的高速增长导致了贫困人口的大幅下降,但与此同时,许多国家的收入差距也在扩大。这一情形与上世纪60—70年代的东亚经济体所创造的"公平增长"奇迹截然不同,也与世界上其他发展中国家(如拉美)近年收入差距下降的趋势相左。本文对亚洲国家收入差距扩大的趋势和成因进行分析,并对如何应对收入差距的扩大提出政策建议。本文的一个基本观点是,过去20—30年中的技术进步、全球化和市场取向的经济改革给许多亚洲国家创造了空前的发展机会与财富,但这些机会与财富并没有给所有的人带来同样的益处。高技术工人、资本、城市与沿海地区相对于低技术工人、纯劳动力、农村与内陆地区得益更多。这些因素通过三个渠道导致了收入差距的扩大:国民收入中劳动力报酬份额的下降;人力资本回报率的上升;区域之间(包括农村与城市及地区之间)差距的扩大。而由制度缺陷、市场扭曲和社会歧视等原因造成的机会不均等使得技术进步、全球化和市场取向经济改革对收入分配的影响进一步扩大。技术进步、全球化与市场取向的改革的力量与趋势不应该也不可能被逆转,因为他们是收入增长与生产力提高的原动力。但政府应该采取有效措施,通过消除机会的不均等来缩小收入差距。本文提出三个具体的政策建议:通过有效的财政手段缩小人力资本方面的差距;缩小区域之间的收入差距;加速经济转型,保持经济稳定增长,以创造更多的就业机会。本文的分析和政策建议给政策制定者提供了一个路线图,他们可以依此找出符合本国国情的具体路径来解决收入差距问题。相反地,如果对这一问题坐视不理,经济增长将会受到损害。 Over the past 2 decades, developing Asia has reduced poverty faster than any other region of the world, at any time in history. But the bulk of developing Asia's population lives in countries with rising inequality. This is in contrast both to the "growth with equality" story that marked the transformation of the newly industrialized economies in the 1960s and 1970s, and to recent trends in other parts of the developing world, in particular Latin America, where income inequality has been narrowing since 1990s. This paper presents an analysis of inequality in Asia, and develops a range of policy options to confront the rising inequality. A key message emerging from the analysis is that technological change, globalization, and market-oriented reform--the main drivers of Asia's rapid growth--are the basic forces behind rising inequality in the region. The impacts of these forces have been compounded by various forms of unequal access to oppor- tunity caused by institutional weaknesses, market distortions, and social exclusion. Working to- gether, these have led to a falling share of labor income in total national income, rising premiums on human capital, and growing spatial inequality. Yet these three forces should not be obstructed, because they are the engines of productivity and income growth. Policy makers should confront rising inequality through interventions that equalize opportunity and reduce inequality, in three areas: efficient fiscal measures that reduce inequality in human capital, policies that work toward more and high quality jobs, and interventions that narrow spatial inequality. The analysis and policy options in this paper provide a broad road map for policy makers to chart their own, coun- try-specific, path to addressing inequality--which, if unchecked, could undermine the momentttm for economic growth.
出处 《南开经济研究》 CSSCI 北大核心 2013年第1期3-39,共37页 Nankai Economic Studies
关键词 收入差距 机会不平等 亚洲国家 Income Inequality: Opportunity Inequality: Asia Economy
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参考文献59

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