3Merboth MK,Barnason S.Managing pain:The fifth vital sign[J].JNurs Clin North Am,2000,35(2):375~383.
4American geriatric society Panel on Persistent Pain in Older Persons.The management of persistent pain in older persons:AGS clinical practice guidelines[J].J Am Geriatr Soc,2002,50:205~224.
9Gagliese L, Weizblit N, Ellis W, et al. The measurement of postoperative pain:A comparison of intensity scales in younger and older surgical patients[J}. Pain, 2005, 117 (3): 412-420.