摘要
1931年5月,以蒋介石为首的国民党主流派为确立训政体制的合法性,主导筹办国民会议。在此过程之中,国民党试图掌控"民意",而民众团体及反对力量则寄望于国民会议来制约独裁。在代表的选举方式上,职业团体与职业代表制成为民意汇集的主要渠道。然而在此前,国民党政府通过对职业团体的整顿改组,重建了民众组织体系。在代表的选举方式上,确定职业代表制为主要方式之一。在职业代表制的掩盖下,职业团体虽有代表与会,但绝大多数席位被党政要员占据。此类代表虽名为职业代表,实际上为国民党所圈定。实施的结果是,职业代表制使国民党在避免政党竞争的情况下保持了对选举事务的安排以及对国民会议政治方向的掌控。这种"民意"建构虽体现了民主的象征意义,但并未带来民主的实质性发展。
In May 1931,in order to establish the legality of the political tutelage system,the Guomindang mainstream headed by Chiang Kai-shek firmly guided preparations for the National Congress.In the process,the Guomindang tried to control 'public opinion,' while grassroots organizations and the opposition pinned their hopes on the National Congress to rein in despotism.During the election of deputies to the congress,the system of professional groups and professional representatives became the main channel for gathering public opinion.However,beforehand the Nationalist government had rebuilt its mass organization system by reorganizing professional groups.The government chose the system of professional representatives as main channel for electing deputies.Under cover of the system of professional representatives,while some representatives of the professional groups did take part in the Congress,the majority of seats were taken by senior officials of the Guomindang and the government.Nominally they represented the various professions,but in fact they were selected by the Guomindang.As a consequence,the system of professional representatives succeeded in helping the Guomindang avoid competition between different political parties while maintaining its power to arrange electoral affairs and to control the political direction of the National Congress.Though this way of building 'public opinion' was wrapped in democratic symbolism,it did not bring about any substantial development of democracy.
出处
《近代史研究》
CSSCI
北大核心
2011年第3期60-79,160-161,共20页
Modern Chinese History Studies
基金
2010年度教育部人文社会科学重点基地重大项目"近代工商同业公会与行业市场秩序"(10JJD77025)的阶段性成
作者简介
魏文享，华中师范大学中国近代史研究所教授，武汉，430079，wwxiangyh@yahoo．com.cn
