摘要
进一步提高我国水稻产量,今后主要应依赖于单位面积产量的提高。为此,选育单产潜力更高和改进栽培技术将起到至关重要的作用。本文在总结近几十年来水稻品种改良经验的基础上,从形态、生理和遗传等方面对进一步提高水稻品种产量潜力的可能途径进行了分析,其目的在于推动对水稻高产育种的讨论和研究。解放以后,我国在水稻育种事业上取得了一系列重要的成就。其中最为突出的主要有三:(1)在利用半矮秆基因sd1的基础上,通过株型改良,于20世纪50年代末到60年代初在南方籼稻矮化育种上取得了突破;(2)利用引进品种Balilla通过籼粳杂交和复合杂交,育成了株型挺拔的直立穗株型粳稻品种,并在全国粳稻产区大面积推广;(3)在成功利用细胞质雄性不育基因的基础上,实现杂交水稻三系配套,成功利用了水稻杂种优势。从水稻产量构成因素和几十年来水稻改良的历史分析,进一步提高水稻品种的产量潜力是提高大面积水稻产量的关键之一。为此,在高产品种的选育上,应在继续利用sd1等半矮秆基因控制株高的同时,注意提高茎秆的强度和根系的活力。分蘖对于小株作物的水稻来讲,在调节群体结构和提高水稻稳产性上具重要作用。故对分蘖应给予足够重视。千粒重尽管在产量上起重要作用,但粒重过大,对于品质有明显负面效应,因此高产品种的千粒重宜维持在中等偏上的水平。
In the last 60 years, great success on rice production was achieved via improved cultivation technique, utilization of chemical fertilizer, variety improvement and so on. In the aspect related to development of high-yielding rice varieties, the successes can be summarized as three points： （1） development of semi-dwarf varieties of indica rice with the gene of sd-1 in late 1950s and early 1960s; （2） development of elect-panicle varieties of japonica rice with the gene of qEP9-1 in 1960s; （3） development of hybrid rice with the gene of CMS of WA, BT, HL, etc. in 1970s. Generally speaking, rice yield is composed of three components： the panicle number of unit area, the filled grain number per panicle and the grain size （usually measured by the weight of 1000 rice grains）. In order to develop super-high-yielding-variety in rice, the key point is to explore new resources of the genes related to plant type, tillering ability, panicle size, grain size, insect and disease resistance, grain filling ability, and so on. Such gene resources usually can be obtained from different subspecies, i.e. indica and japonica. Some important genes also can be obtained from other species for which biotechnique approach is essential including gene cloning and development of molecular makers for the genes. In recent years, lots of target genes related to the characteristics mentioned above have been cloned, such as Sd1, Gn1a, Ga20x-2, Gs3, Bt, EPSPS, qPEP9-1. On the other side, new breeding techniques such as transgenic approach and molecular assisted selection （MAS） to pyramid target genes （or gene combinations） need to be accepted and to be joined with conventional breeding techniques. With reviewing the development for high-yielding variety achieved in last century, several points need to be noticed and discussed： （1） The tillering ability of rice plays an important role in regulating population density related to the efficiency of photosynthesis. The panicle number of unit area also relates to the tillering ability of the varieties. For high and the stabe yield, medium or even higher than medium tillering ability is necessary for the elite varieties. （2） Panicle size is usually measured by the number of filled grains per panicle. Extensive variation on panicle size can be found in different rice varieties. The heterosis of hybrid rice mainly shows the enlargement of panicle size. For developing high-yielding varieties, more attention needs to be paid to enlarging the panicle size. （3） Grain size is one of the most important factors influencing yield potential in rice. The range of grain size measured by 1000-grain weight is 23–29 g in commercial varieties and 15–70 g in rice germplasm. In general, the larger the grain size, the poorer the grain quality. From the point of view of balance between grain yield and grain quality, a medium-large grain size is most favorite for high-yielding varieties.
出处
《作物学报》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2010年第9期1431-1439,共9页
Acta Agronomica Sinica
基金
国家重点基础研究发展计划(973计划)项目(2006CB101701)资助
关键词
水稻
高产育种
讨论
Rice
High-yielding breeding
Discussion
作者简介
作者联系方式：E-mail：gumh@yzu．edu．cn
