摘要
17世纪-19世纪,中国西南山区普遍经历了生态环境的变迁,人地关系紧张,山地开发加剧,大量森林植被遭到损耗,生态环境出现危机。但是黔东南地区在同期却没有出现大规模的森林植被破坏,反而实现了森林资源的可持续利用。本文采用历史文献分析方法,对明代至民国初年黔东南的森林资源变迁及其社会区域响应机制进行研究得出,这种区域差异的形成受到自然地理条件和人类活动等多方面因素的影响,但是合理的社会响应机制是黔东南能够在清代至民国初期森林资源可持续利用与发展有力的驱动因素。其中少数民族的宗教崇拜、禁忌习俗,以及传统的习惯法,是黔东南山地民族原始而独特的生态观的外化表现,对森林资源的保育、树种遗传资源的保存有直接推动作用;林粮套种的农林生产结构,大大规避了单纯农垦生产模式潜在的自然灾害风险,保证了地力的充分使用,解决了佃农的口粮问题,在较大程度上实现了林区生态系统的良性循环;乡规民约和林事纠纷调解机制,构成一个强有力的林业法制管理体系,对森林资源日常管理和利用秩序进行严格规范,确保了民间法规法律效力和有序执行。鉴于历史时期山地民族生态智慧对于保护和改善生态环境的积极作用,如何充分认识、理解,并将民族社区精华的传统生态智慧有效地运用于现代资源管理中,是一个值得研究的课题。
From the 17th to 19th century,changes in eco-environment occurred across the whole mountain areas of West China.Such changes consist of a tense human-environmental relationship,excessive land reclamation,deforestation and so on.Nevertheless,the southeast of Guizhou Province preserved massive forest resources at that time,which could be ascribed to a sustainable development mode.The authors made a first attempt to unravel the forest resources preserved in the southeast of Guizhou Province throughout the Qing Dynasty when enormous forests were being ruined due to eco-environment changes taking place over other parts of West China by investigation of historical document.Underlying social causes responsible for these changes and differences were comprehensively explored and analyzed.As universally acknowledged,in addition to natural driving forces,the social responses system was considered critical to these changes,which was,is and will continue to be indispensable to sustainability of natural resources.A host of historical materials revealed that there had been an optimization of the agro-forestry management style in the Qing Dynasty over this region.In this system,religions,worships,taboos,usages and traditional unwritten law jointly constituted a mechanism to preserve forests and genetic resources in a direct or an indirect manner.Moreover,the agro-forest ecological production system was widely formed in the southeast of Guizhou Province while excessive land reclamation prevailed over other regions of the Yunnan and Guizhou Plateau,as well as the Three Gorge area,the upper reaches of the Yangtze River.The production system resulted in a virtuous circle by not only mitigating natural risks,for instance,water and soil erosion,which had been frequently triggered by a single-mode of forest clearance for farmland expansion,but also by providing sufficient grain supply.Also,the forestry dispute intercession mechanism compounding traditional local laws ensured routine management and utilization of forest resources.In sum,two new ideas in the study of natural resources were put forward in the present work.First,our ancestors’ outstanding experience in solving the problems associated with resource scarcity and sustainability was valuable.Second,such experience would raise modern individuals’ awareness on the significance of agro-cultural heritage and traditional knowledge,which deserves further recognition and understanding.It is suggested that how these ecological wisdoms can be efficiently utilized in modern forest resources management warrants further study.
出处
《资源科学》
CSSCI
CSCD
北大核心
2010年第6期1065-1071,共7页
Resources Science
基金
联合国-西班牙千年发展目标基金项目"文化与发展伙伴关系"成果产出2.1部分"从江农业文化遗产保护与发展规划"(UNJP/CPR/040/SPA)
关键词
森林资源
环境变迁
社会响应
黔东南
清代
Forest resource
Environmental change
Social response
Southeast Guizhou Province
China
Qing Dynasty
作者简介
刘珊，女，河北保定人，硕士生，研究方向为农业文化遗产保护与发展。E-mail：lius．08s@igsnrr．ac．cn
通讯作者：闵庆文，E—mail：minqw@igsnrr．ac．cn
