2McNamara DA, Parc R. Methods and results of sphincter-preserving surgery for rectal cancer. Cancer Control,2003,10(3): 212-218.
3Nelson H, Petrelli N, Carlin A, Et al. Guidelines 2000 for colon and rectal cancer surgery. J Natl Cancer Inst,2001,93:583 596.
4Tytherleigh MG, McC Mortensen NJ. Options for sphincter preservation in surgery for low rectal cancer. Br J Surg, 2003,90(8) :922-933.
5Heald R J, Smedh RK, Kald A, Et al. Abdominoperined excision of the rectum-an endangered operation.Norman Nigro Lectureship. Dis Colon Rectum, 1997,40:747-751.