摘要
宋代是高度集中的中央集权的社会，与前代相比，皇权极大地膨胀，不论是中央政府的三权分立，还是皇帝对地方控制的加强，到科举选官制度的完善，都使皇帝获得了统领一切的个人权力。在这种情况下，强调皇权的神圣性，制定严格的等级制度就变得十分重要。丧葬制度是隆礼制乐的重要方面，皇权和等级制度的重要体现。因此，宋王朝从建立政权之始，就在帝陵，包括卡忖葬的后陵和宗室陪陵墓的建造和神主的下葬等方面建立了一整套的礼仪制度和严格的等级制度。在宋代的文献当中有不少相关的记载；同时，现代考古学在中国产生以后，学者们就不断地对宋陵进行勘察、发掘和研究，
Based on historical texts and archaeological excavations and investigation, this article discusses the hierarchy system of the Northern Song dynasty imperial mausoleums. A relatively strict hierarchy is found to exist in these mausoleums in terms of their formal titles measurement of various parts of ground architectures, as well as the quantity of the attendant stone statues. It can be further classified into five major ranks. The first rank is the shanling （ lit. ＂Mountain Mausoleum＂ ） built for emperors while they were in throne. The second is the shanling built for certain ancestors of the Northern Song emperors who was awarded a posthumous honorary title of Emperor after the Northern Song was founded, and this type primarily refers to the An-ling Mausoleum of Emperor Xuanzu, the father of the first emperor Taizu. The third is shanling which was built for some empresses who had held the court as regent. These are larger in sizes in major parts of burial structure in com- parison to yuanling, the Enclosed/Yard Mausoleum of most empresses. Compared with the An-ling Mausoleum of the second rank, they are identical in various regards such as the length of graveyard walls, number of steps of , yet are different in some most significant aspects, the mound and length of the Spirit Path in front of the mound. The fourth rank is yuanling for empresses. This is the basic rank and is roughly reduced by half in various funerary aspects such as burial sizes as compared with shanling of emperors. Other burials of this rank include the Kang-ling Mausoleum of Shunzu and the Ding-ling Mausoleum of Yizu, two ＂Emperors＂ earlier than Xuanzu. The fifth rank is the attendant tombs for the first-rank royal members of the clan, and these are reduced by half in various funerary aspects as compared with yuanling of empresses. Below this, those of the Second and Third Rank etc. diminish proportionally.
出处
《考古与文物》
CSSCI
北大核心
2008年第4期40-51,共12页
Archaeology and Cultural Relics
基金
“普通高等学校人文社会科学重点研究基地北京大学中国考古学研究中心、教育部人文社会科学研究重大项目《宋代墓葬研究》课题”(项目批准号:06JJD780002)成果之一
