摘要
宋代乡约是明清乡约的源头和榜样,但却未像后者一样成为乡里的重要组织,原因是它属于纯由士绅自主发起的民间组织,既强调民众本着自愿原则入约,又需要采取强制措施推行乡里教化,在宽猛难于适当的两难困境下,往往偏于严格约束因而导致成员认同度下降。乡约最终只限于吕大钧、阳枋、胡泳、程永奇、潘柄等少数几位理学家推行,意味着在没有国家力量的参与下,它只是理学家们的一种道德理想模式。
The xiangyue （village rules and conventions; village organization for local self-government） in the Song Dynasty served as the source and example of the xiangyue in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, but this kind of organization wasn＇t so important as in the latter two dynasties. To promote education in villages, xiangyu in the Song Dynasty was started by the local gentry. While it was voluntary to join the organization, it was the established rules to push its educational plan. It was Lǚ Dajun, a Neo-Confucian in the Northern Song Dynasty, who originated xiangyue. What was known as “Lǚ s xiangyue” set an example for others, although it lasted for no more than 5 to 6 years, and was geographically confined to his home village. Its short life was due to the resistance from both his relatives and friends and social sectors. To prevent possible dangers, Lǚ＇s brother Lǚ Dafang once suggested changing xiangyue into family rules, but was refused. Confronted with more and more queries and suggestions later, however, Lǚ did make some necessary adjustments at last. In the Song Dynasty, there were still other Neo-Confucians dedicated to pushing xiangyue, such as Yang Fang, Hu Yong, Cheng Yongqi, and Pan Bing. But their activities were generally quite limited, too. The major problems in doing so, especially the core content of education being pushed during the Song Dynasty were ascribed to the lack of government support. In addition, it was rather difficult to carry out the so-called xiangyue simply by the principle of voluntary participation, but compulsory measures like restriction on interests and severe punishment would be liable to mounting disapproval by villagers. This shows that the local gentry in the Song Dynasty were not powerful enough to control grassroots social organizations. Xiangyue, together with shecang （public grannary） and shuyuan （academy of classical learning）, constituted the principal part of social practice for Neo-Confucianism. It represented xing （practice）, one of the two dimensions of Neo-Confucians, the other being zhi （knowledge）. It was a blueprint designed by Neo-Confucians for the purpose of practicing their moral ideal, and demonstrated the wish of the Song Dynasty gentry-class to readjust the social order according to theirideal. Pitifully, its implementation went beyond their power, and lacked the grassroots support. Anyway, however, xiangyue was a constructive model, providing a basic framework for the xiangyue in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
出处
《浙江大学学报（人文社会科学版）》
CSSCI
2005年第5期106-111,共6页
Journal of Zhejiang University:Humanities and Social Sciences
关键词
乡约
民间组织
理学家
xiangyue
gentry
Neo-Confucians
作者简介
周扬波（1976-），男，浙江江山人，浙江大学人文学院历史系博士研究生，湖州师范学院历史系教师，主要从事宋史研究。
