摘要
郑家洼子位于沈阳西南,东距沈阳站约5公里,南距浑河3公里,地势低洼,多沼泽,故名"洼子"。1958年春,曾在洼子北边发现一组青铜器,包括短剑等共二十七件。
Cheng-chia-wa-tsu is located in the southwestern suburbs of the city of Shenyang at a distance of five kilometres to the east of the city's railroad station. Spurred by the successive discoveries in 1958 and 1962 of ancient artifacts characterized by a peculiar type of bronze dagger, in August 1965 archaeologists excavated a total of fourteen tombs on the southern edge of the site. The present report covers, however, only the finds from Tombs Nos. 6512 and 659 of the group.
Tomb No. 6512 is an oblong shaft with a bottom measurement of 5 by 3 meters, the outer and inner coffins of which have long since disintegrated. The bottom of the outer coffin is spread with mats. The space between the two coffins is taken up by a wooden case with two bronze daggers, a double-looped bronze miror, a pair each of bone and bronze hairpins, a leather bow case with bronze arrowheads, three pottery vessels and a complete set of horse trappings. The skeleton found inside the coffin belonged to an old man. The dead is covered from head to toes with six circular bronze ornaments resembling mirrors while the head and the neck are each decorated with a string of greenish stone beads. He wears a bronze dagger at his right waist and a pair of leather boots decorated with circular bronze ornaments. Near his right knee are two leather bags containing respectively a bronze knife and a bronze ax. The ox bones found on the western edge of the shaft were probably remains of sacrificial meat.
Tomb No. 659 is an irregularly-shaped oblong earthen shaft measuring 1.75 by 0.5 metres, which contains no trace of any coffin. Its skeleton also belonged to an old man. The tomb furniture consists of a p(?)tery hu-vase, a bone dagger (?) and a bone ring. A. wellpreserved leg bone of an ox found on the virgin soil platform near the southern edge of the shaft is what remains of a sacrificial meat.
The findings from these two tombs may be summarized as follows:
1. Spectroscopic and chemical analyses of four bronze objects unearthed from Tomb No. 6512 show that the proportions of copper, tin and lead in the dagger, boot ornament and dagger sheath ornament are largely similar. But in the case of the arrowhead, the copper content is smaller while the contents of tin and lead are correspondingly larger. Judging by the shapes of bronze objects and the skillful control of alloy compositions the people of that time already had a highly developed bronze-smelting technique and some of the bronzes unearthed might well have been local products.
2. The distribution of bronze mirror-shaped ornaments on the skeleton when excavated and the traces of hemp encrusted on their surfaces suggest that these ornaments were probably worn in life as part of the costume and continued to serve as ornaments for the shroud after death. The authors are the opinion that the loops on the back the ornaments facilitated fastening them on to a band or cord.
3. The presence of large amount of bronze weapons, the great disparity in the amount of tomb furniture provided in some of the tombs, as well as the presence of stone axes, perforated stone knives and numerous net sinkers and whorls, all suggest that the owners of these tombs were probably members of a slave-owing tribe who lived by farming and herding, which were occasionally supplemented by fishing and hunting. Apparently, they also seemed to have mastered the art of smelting bronze and making bone implements.
4. A comparison of the objects unearthed from these two tombs with those found at Shih-erh-t'ai-ying-tzu in Liaoyang County, Wu-chin-t'ang in Chinhsi County, Nan-shan-keng in Ning-ch'eng County and Mu-ch'eng-yi in Lu-ta City shows that the cultural content of this site is much more homogeneous and may well be regarded as being more characteristic of this cultue. Chronologically earlier than the Mu-ch'eng-yi site but comparable to those of the Shih-erh-t'ai-ying-tzu and Wu-chin-t'ang sites, the two tombs probably date from the end of the Spring and Autumn Period and the beginning of the Warring State Period (c. 6-5th centuries B. C.).
出处
《考古学报》
1975年第1期141-156,212-219,共24页
Acta Archaeologica Sinica
