摘要
In order to measure the impact of changes in the marsh on breeding Red-crowned Cranes (Grus japonensis) and White-naped Cranes (G.vipio) in the Sanjiang Plain,we conducted a complete crane súrvey in each of the summers of 2007 and 2008,and obtained information on the changes in its marsh through interpretation of satellite images in 1986,1995,2000 and 2005.A comparison between the 1984 and 2008 census shows that:1) the number of Red-crowned Cranes remained stable at about 300 birds,while the number of White-naped Cranes increased markedly; 2) the estimates of nests of Red-crowned cranes are close to the numbers of 1984,while approximately 90％ of the nests of these two crane species were distributed over five national nature reserves (NNRs); 3) the two crane species became more concentrated in three regions,i.e.,the Fuyuan Delta,the middle reaches of the Naoli and Qixing rivers,and the Xingkai Lake wetlands,rather as formerly in six regions.The area of the marsh decreased by 45％ within the 20-year period from 1986 to 2005.The major loss of the marsh area was in the form of a conversion to paddy fields and dry land,which can be primarily attributed to direct human activity under various economic and policy drivers.The disappearance of cranes in the Dulu and Abuqin rivers was induced by large-scale agricultural development.The fragmentation into and isolation of small areas of the marsh became increasingly more serious,which resulted in unsuitable condtions for crane breeding in small patches of the marsh.The number of cranes declined from 1984-1995 but had recovered remarkably by 2008,which may be due to theestablishment of a system of nature reserves,in place since 2000.The land ownership of the reserve plays a key role in maintaining the integrity of the wetland ecosystem,especially in Sanjiang,Honghe,Naolihe and Qixinghe NNRs,which together accommodated approximately 80％ of the population of cranes.However,we did not discover any nests at all in the provincial and municipal reserves,which may be attributed to high human disturbances in these areas.In the end,we propose some recommendations on reserve management.
为探讨三江平原沼泽湿地变化对繁殖丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)和白枕鹤(G.vipio)的影响,2007和2008年夏季我们对该区域展开了全面地面调查;同时,通过解译1986、1995、2000和2005年4个不同年份的卫星影像,获取了沼泽湿地变化信息。对比1984和2008年两次全面调查结果,发现:1)丹顶鹤的数量基本稳定,维持在300只左右;而白枕鹤的数量呈现显著增加;2)两个年份中,丹顶鹤巢窝估计大抵相当,但两种鹤近90%的巢址均分布在5个国家级自然保护区境内;3)两种鹤类逐渐集中于3个分布区:抚远三角洲、挠力河和七星河中游,以及兴凯湖湿地;而不是以前的6个分布区。1986–2005年的20年间,三江平原沼泽湿地面积减少了45%。在不同经济和政策的驱动下,湿地丧失的直接原因是人类活动,将湿地逐渐转变为水田和旱地。嘟噜河和阿布沁河的鹤类消失,主要原因就是大规模的农业开发。沼泽湿地的破碎化和斑块化的程度越来越高,适宜鹤类繁殖的栖息地势必越来越少。1984–1995年间,丹顶鹤的数量呈现急剧下降;到2008年,数量基本得以恢复。这种变化主要归功于2000年以后,三江平原自然保护区体系的完善。其次,保护区的土地权属对于维持湿地生态系统的完整性起到了非常重要的作用,特别是三江、洪河、挠力河和七星河国家级自然保护区。这些保护区拥有整个三江平原80%的鹤类种群。遗憾的是,在一些省级和市级保护区境内,本次调查期间,未发现有鹤类营巢繁殖。这可能与比较高的人为活动干扰有关。最后,就自然保护区管理提出了一些建议。
基金
supported by the Conservation Fund of the State Forestry Administration of China and the Siberian Crane Wetland GEF/UNEP Project(GF/2712-03-4627)
