摘要
本文回顾了自1990年以来中国的企业所得税征管政策的变迁,给出了关于中国上市公司避税行为的若干事实性发现.我们发现,虽然中国上市公司实际所得税率显著低于法定所得税率,但这种较低的实际所得税率主要通过获取税收优惠的方式实现;在考虑税收优惠因素之后,实际所得税率与名义所得税率之间并不存在显著差异.此外,现有计算实际所得税率的指标没有考虑会计—税收差异(以下简称会税差异),导致高估了上市公司的实际所得税率,潜在意义上可能低估了上市公司的避税活动,这一测量误差在2007年新会计准则实施之后尤为严重.现有基于实际所得税率的实证分析,一方面无法洞察上市公司具体避税措施(即通过税收优惠,还是通过非优惠避税行为),另一方面,也存在较大的测量误差(特别是当上市公司存在较高的会税差异的时候),这一影响对于国有上市公司,以及高负债、高盈利能力的上市公司来说尤为明显.中国上市公司避税行为的影响因素可以分为公司基本特征、公司治理特征和地区特征三大类因素,但不同特征的上市公司所采取的具体避税措施存在较大差异.此外,在考虑会税差异对避税指标测度的影响之后,我们发现,以往文献的若干结论发生了变化.本文从企业所得税征管政策变迁、避税指标选择、实证结果阐释等方面,丰富了我们对于中国上市公司所得税避税行为的认识.
This study reviews the changes of corporate income tax regimes in China and documentssome important factson tax avoidance behaviors of listed firms in China.We find that the effective tax rate of listed firms in China is significantly lower than the statutory tax rate,which is primarily due to the preferential tax treatment provided by local governments.After accounting for the preferential tax treatment,we find no significant difference between the effective tax rate and the applicable tax rate.In addition,the current measure of the effective tax rate is not adjusted for thebook-tax difference,which results in an overestimated effective tax rate after 2007.The empirical analyses in the extant studies generally use tax rate measures that do not differentiate tax preferential treatments from other aggressive tax avoidance activities.As a result,these measures are subject to measurement errors,which are more severe forstate-owned enterprises(SOEs),highly leveraged firms,and profitable firms.The determinants of tax avoidance behavior of listed firms in China can be classified into three categories:firm characteristics,corporate governance,and regional characteristics.Firms with different characteristics may adopt different instruments to avoid taxes.Some results in the extant studies are altered when adjusted for measurement errors.This study contributes to the extant literature by reviewing tax regime evolutions and various measures of tax avoidance and by providing explanations for new empirical results.
作者
叶康涛
侯唯珠
黄铮
Kangtao Ye;Weizhu Hou;Zheng Huang(School of Business,Renmin University of China,Beijing,China100872;Center for Managerial Accounting Studies,Renmin University of China,Beijing,China100872)
出处
《当代会计评论》
CSSCI
2018年第3期23-46,共24页
Contemporary Accounting Review
基金
国家自然科学基金“财务报告舞弊的劳动力市场后果研究”(71872176)、“制度变革、非正式制度因素与会计审计行为研究”(71790602)、“企业的融资约束与融资策略研究”(71432008)、“社会信息与资源配置效率研究”(71132004)
中国会计学会全国会计重点科研课题“企业费用归类问题研究”(2015KJA009)的资助
关键词
避税
上市公司
税收优惠
所得税负
tax avoidance
listed firms in China
preferential tax treatment
corporate income tax
作者简介
叶康涛,教授,E-mai丨:yekangtao@rmbs.mc.edu.cn;侯唯珠,硕士生,E-mail:houweizhul996@163.com;黄挣,硕士生,E-mail:happycute@vip.qq.com。
