摘要
古代壁画是一类珍贵而脆弱的文化遗产,壁画的微生物损害/退化主要表现为美学改变和颜料层材料降解及结构损坏,导致文物价值降低.细菌、古菌、蓝藻、真菌、藻类和地衣均能侵蚀并损害壁画.通过无/微损取样方法结合传统培养和现代分析技术,推动了壁画微生物群落特征和生化功能的研究.机械或/和物理手段及化学、生物杀灭剂是文物微生物损害防治中最常用的方法,但极易失效或因抗药性导致微生物损害反复发生.温度、水分活动(相对湿度)以及自然或人工光照是影响壁画微生物活动的关键因子,全球气候变化与极端天气也正在威胁着壁画的长久保存.为了进一步认知壁画微生物损害机理并制定针对性的防控和管理对策,具代谢活性的微生物和其主导的生化反应以及水害治理与赋存环境调控等预防性保护措施是今后的研究重点.进一步认识特定环境下壁画制作材料的表现特征及"最小干预"是科学保护的有效途径之一,这需要生物、化学、材料科学、地质、环境以及文物保护等多学科专家学者的共同努力.
Mural or wall paintings are important cultural heritage which are both valuable and vulnerable.Biodeterioration and biodegradation of murals caused by microbial activities can be from aesthetic alteration to material degradation and structure damage of the painting layers,leading to a substantial loss of the historical,artistic and cultural values.Microorganisms,including algae,lichens,bacteria,fungi and archaea,are known for their abilities to colonize a wide range of materials under various microhabitats.Near non-invasive and nondestructive sampling methods are being adopted and used to minimize the damage to the mural.The methods for analyzing microorganisms on cultural heritage are conventionally based on culturing and isolation,while the modern molecular methods are being applied increasingly to reveal the characteristics of biochemical functions and microbial communities of the whole microbiome associated with wall paintings.Mechanical/physical methods and biocides are the most frequently used to control microbial growth on cultural heritage,however,it is highly susceptible to failure or recurrence of microbial damage due to drug resistance.The local environmental conditions,e.g.,relative humidity(RH),temperatures and lighting,are the key factors that influence the biodeterioration of murals,climate change and extreme weather are challenges to the long-term preservation of wall paintings.In order to develop effective prevention and management countermeasures,the active microorganisms and the biochemical reactions of them,and preventive measures such as preservation environment regulation shall be focused more specifically in the future research.The most effective protection strategy for murals shall be based on a better understanding of the mural materials under the specific environmental conditions with scientifical protection strategies of minimum intervention onto mural,this requires the joint efforts of experts and scholars in the multidisciplinary of biology,chemistry,materials science,geology,environment and cultural heritage protection.
作者
武发思
李洁
WU Fasi;LI Jie(National Research Center for Conservation of Ancient Wall Paintings and Earthen Sites,Dunhuang Academy,Dunhuang 736200,China;Key Scientific Research Base for Conservation of Ancient Wall Paintings of NCHA,Dunhuang 736200,China;Gansu Provincial Research Center for Conservation of Dunhuang Cultural Heritage,Dunhuang 736200,China;MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China)
出处
《石窟与土遗址保护研究》
2022年第2期27-41,共15页
Research On The Conservation Of Cave Temples And Earthen Sites
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(32060258)
甘肃省敦煌文物保护研究中心开放课题(GDW2021ZD08)
甘肃省科技计划项目(21JR11RA218)
中共甘肃省委组织部2022年度省级重点人才项目
甘肃省文物局课题(GWJ202011)
关键词
壁画
生物退化与生物降解
侵蚀机制
环境条件
气候变化
文物保护
wall paintings
biodeterioration and biodegradation
deterioration mechanisms
environmental conditions
climate change
cultural heritage conservation
作者简介
武发思(1983-),男,甘肃省会宁县人,敦煌研究院研究馆员,主要从事文化遗产保护生物学研究,E-mail:wufs@dha.ac.cn
