摘要
明代北京和北方边镇所需马草,起初主要通过赋役系统征收本色,包括州县系统的田赋马草,以及军役系统的秋青草和屯草。明代中叶以降,田赋马草逐渐折征银两,而秋青草和屯草失额严重,北边各镇粮草越来越依赖户部拨银。除向骑操人员直接折支银两外,在京各仓场和北边各镇还都通过召买方式储积一定数量的本色马草。召买最初属于两平交易的市场行为,但很快就演变成为一项沉重的变相徭役,对当地社会经济造成很大危害。
During the Ming period(1368-1644),horse fodders needed for Beijing and northern frontiers were originally requisitioned through tax and corvée system.The fodders included those levied from prefecture and county land taxes,and autumn green grass and garrisoning forages for the military.Starting from the mid-Ming period,the former were gradually converted into silver taels,while the latter suffered from grave shortages.Increasingly,northern frontiers’provisions relied heavily on financial appropriations from the Ministry of Revenue.Aside from paying horsemen in silver taels,warehouses in Beijing,and garrisons in the north also purchased a certain amount of fodders.Such purchases started as fair trade but soon morphed into heavy corvée in disguise,detrimental to local social economy.
出处
《故宫学刊》
2021年第1期50-61,共12页
Journal of Gugong Studies
关键词
明代
马草
折银
召买
Ming dynasty
horse fodders
conversion into silver tales
procurement
