摘要
宋代沉船"南海Ⅰ号"遗址,发现于20世纪80年代。经过整体打捞,于2007年12月28日入驻设在阳江市的广东海上丝绸之路博物馆的"水晶宫"。"南海Ⅰ号"的考古工作经历了偶然发现、水下调查、整体打捞、全面发掘、公众展示等阶段。作为以往中国沉船考古中罕见的船体结构较为完整的沉船,该沉船长22.15米,宽9.85米,舱深2.7米。全船用舱壁板进行分隔,共分为15个货舱。从已发掘揭露的船体结构和船型判断,"南海Ⅰ号"沉船是长宽比较小、耐波性好、装货量大的"福船"类型,是南宋时期从中国泉州港出发的贸易商船。该船船货种类相当丰富,其中以铁器、瓷器为大宗,丝织品、纸张等有机物已不复存在,仅有少量化学残留物。目前船舱内的船货已基本清理完毕,共发掘出土文物约18万件。除铁器、瓷器外,另有各类金、银、铜、铅、锡等金属器,以及竹木漆器、人类骨骼、矿石标本、玻璃器、动植物遗存等。沉船所运载货物展示了当时中国与国外贸易的主要内容,证史的同时也补充了相关历史记载的空白。
As a Song Dynasty wreck site discovered in 1980 s."NanhaiⅠ"is the first shipwreck found in China,and it is a very important underwater cultural heritage of the world.It is currently on display to the public at Guangdong Maritime Silk Road Museum in Yangjiang.So far,the various stages of work on"NanhaiⅠ"shipwreck have proceeded through the process of accidental discovery,underwater survey,integral salvage,and public display.The structure of the shipwreck is relatively complete,but both the stem and stern have suffered partial damage.Nothing remains of the superstructure,while the shell plates on both sides protude outward,resulting in the split of the ends of the upper shell plating and shifting board.The remaining body of the ship is 22.95 meters long,9.85 meters wide,and at most 2.7 meters deep inside the cabins.The distributed range is about 179.15 square meters.The ship is divided into a total of 15 compartments.Judging from the excavated hull structure and ship lines,the"NanhaiⅠ"ship is most likely of the"Fuchuan"type with relatively small width,high safety coefficient,good navigation performance and ability to carry large cargoes.It also used watertight bulkhead technology.The hull of the"Nanhai I"has preserved its threedimensional structure,something rarely found in the previous discoveries in China.The shipwreck is supposed to be a fully loaded merchant vessel sailing from Quanzhou port in southern China during the Southern Song Dynasty.It carried a highly diverse cargo,including ironware porcelain,gold,silver,copper,lead,and tin.There are also some bamboo,wood,lacquerware,human bones,ore specimens,glassware,and animal and plant remains.Small amounts of chemical residues permit us to detect the existence of other items,such as silk fabrics and paper.At present,excavation of the cargoes in the compartments has been completed.A total of 180,000 pieces of artifacts have been moved out.In all likelihood,there are still some materials outside the hull which spilled out when the ship hit the sea bed.The"Nanhai I"shipwreck provides essential evidence for understanding China’s foreign trade during the Southern Song and helps to verify and supplement the relevant historical records.
出处
《国家航海》
2020年第1期55-76,共22页
National Maritime Research
关键词
“南海Ⅰ号”沉船
南宋
打捞与保护
船体结构
货物
"NanhaiⅠ"Shipwreck
Southern Song Dynasty
Excavation and Conservation
Ship Structure
Cargo
作者简介
孙键,国家文物局水下文化遗产保护中心研究员。
