摘要
马特维也夫训练分期理论自创立半个多世纪以来,在不断发展与饱受质疑中愈显庞杂,极大地干扰了其实践应用。跟踪国际上训练分期理论的最新研究进展,厘清其科学问题,以更好地指导运动训练实践显得尤为必要。主要采用历史研究方法和比较研究法,研究认为:1)理论起源于苏联"5年计划经济"背景,受到"泰勒科学管理原则"与"一般系统论思想"的影响,并得到Selye应激理论强有力的科学支撑。Selye应激理论至今依然是其元理论基石。2)板块分期和多周期被认为是区别于经典分期理论的代表。近期有学者综合"训练方法、运动心理和运动营养"等内容提出"整合训练分期"模型。另有学者批判现有分期模型因"僵化的框架"难以精确预测未来等问题,提出关注运动员生理和情绪特征的个性化训练来予以补充。3)生物动作能力训练与训练负荷设计等训练方法的变易是当前训练分期的方法特征之一,系统性组织以促成"积极训练适应"是其逻辑起点和最终目标。实践启示:1)经典大周期安排与当时的恢复方法和手段相对落后有关,随着科技进步和恢复方法手段的多样化及高效改进,集中大负荷的板块分期和多周期才应运而生。可见,分期并变易训练方法,以促进"训练恢复和适应"是当前分期理论的硬核之一。当前亟需整合训练、心理、营养等多维因素,打造复合型训练团队开展多模态训练监控。2)潜在的"瞬态生理、心理等多模态参数水平"是选择训练分期方法和其他训练方案的前提条件,永远不存在"一刀切"的训练理论或模型。数据科学驱动的数字化、个性化训练是大势所趋,也是对训练分期理论与方法系统组织框架下的补充和辅助。3)不囿于僵化模型框架,具体模型选择与应用依运动员的训练问题需要而定。当前训练分期理论模型中的"分期"所针对的核心训练问题是"分期并变易以促进恢复和适应",之外的问题需要具体问题具体分析。
Since Matwejew’s training periodization theory(TPT)was established more than half a century ago,it has become more and more complicated in the continuous development and questioning,which has greatly interfered with its practical application.It is especially necessary to track the latest research progress of TPT in the world and clarify its scientific issues to better guide the practice of sports training.Mainly using historical and comparative research methods,this research suggests that:1)TPT originated from the former Soviet Union’s"5-Year Planned Economy",was influenced by"Taylor’s Scientific Management Principles"and"General System Theory",and was strongly supported by Selye’s Stress Theory.which is still the cornerstone of the TPT’s meta-theory;2)Block Periodization and Multi-periodization are considered to be different from the Classic Staging Theory.Recently,some scholars have proposed the"Integrated Periodization"model based on"training methods,sports psychology and sports nutrition".Other scholars criticized the existing periodization model for the difficulty of accurately predicting the future due to the"rigid framework",and proposed to supplement it with personalized training focusing on the physiological and emotional characteristics of the athletes;3)The change of training methods such as training load and biomotor abilities is one of the characteristics of the current periodization training.Systematic organization to promote"active trainig adaptation"is its logical starting point and ultimate goal.The study puts forward the following practical enlightments:1)The classic large-cycle arrangement is related to the relatively backward recovery methods at that time.With the diversification and efficient improvement of scientific and technological progress and recovery methods,the concentrated-load block periodization and multi-periodization came into being.It can be seen that periodization and changing training variables to promote"training recovery and adaptation"is one of the"hard cores"of the current TPT.At present,there is an urgent need to integrate multidimensional factors such as training,psychology,and nutrition to build a compound training team for multimodal training monitoring.2)The potential"transient physiological,psychological and other multi-modal parameter levels"is a prerequisite for selecting periodization methods and other training programs.There is never a"one size fits all"training theory or model.Digital and personalized training driven by data science is the general trend,and it is also a supplement and assistance to the TPT;3)Beyond rigid model framework,the choice and application of specific models depends on the training needs of athletes.The core training problem for"periodization"in the current TPT model is"periodization and getting easier to promote recovery and adaptation",and other issues require specific analysis.
作者
胡海旭
金成平
HU Hai-xu;JIN Cheng-ping(Department of Sports,Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,Nanjing 210016,Jiangsu China;Department of Physical Education,Wuhan University of Technology,Wuhan 430070,Hubei China)
出处
《北京体育大学学报》
CSSCI
北大核心
2020年第1期114-125,共12页
Journal of Beijing Sport University
基金
第66批中国博士后科学基金面上项目“基于数据挖掘的竞技能力增长训练系统建构及应用研究”(项目编号:19CX04041B)
江苏省社会科学基金后期资助项目(项目编号:17HQ046)
南京航空航天大学青年科技创新基金(项目编号:NR2019011).
关键词
训练分期理论
板块分期
多周期
应激理论
训练适应
training periodization theory
block periodization
multi-periodization
stress theory
training adaptation
作者简介
胡海旭,副教授,博士,生物医学工程博士后,研究方向运动训练理论与方法
