摘要
宋代地方统兵官的源头是始置于北周的、作为行营或地方高级统兵官的大总管,宋代称马步军都部署。英宗继位后,避讳,改都部署为都总管。在太宗朝,都部署有成为禁军屯驻地方重镇统兵官之趋势。"澶渊之盟"后,宋辽休战,真宗罢"行营"之号,标志着都部署由中央临时差遣出征的统帅向地方驻扎的统兵官之演变。至仁宗朝出现"路分部署、兵马钤辖以上"之称,表明都部署统兵之制度化、规范化,路分部署体制完成由战时统兵体制向和平时期地方统兵官体制之转型,脱离了中央三衙禁军的军事编制。神宗熙丰"将兵法"推行后,既有路、州马步军部都署与兵马钤辖,又有诸路正将、副将,产生重叠。至南宋初,战时统兵体制宣抚司、都统制、制置司体制取代了宋辽交战时的行营都总管体制,但地方诸路州郡帅臣带马步军都总管或州兵马钤辖不废,名分为管"州郡分屯"之兵,维护地方治安而已。宋王朝为收回地方军权而构建的地方统兵体制,即都总管、兵马钤辖、兵马都监、巡检分布于路、州(府、军、监)、县三级的"州兵官"体制,与中央"枢密院——三衙"统管下的御前诸军、屯驻大军的都统制、统制、统领、将副官"统兵战守官"体制,合成了两宋地方准军事力量负责维稳与中央正规军负责对外防御之军事体制,这是中国军事发展史上具有创新意义的篇章。
The origin of local area military officers in the Song Dynasty was the grand chief commander in the Northern Zhou Dynasty,who was in charge of troops at war as well as local defense affairs.The term for such commanders in the Song Dynasty was Doubushu,the senior commanders,and was changed to Douzongguan with exactly the same meaning when Yingzong succeeded to the throne.In the years of Taizong,the senior commanders Doubushu began to command the imperial guard troops which later became stationed in local important towns.After the"Treaty of Alliance at Chanyuan"was signed,there was a period of truce between Song and Liao,and then in the years of Zhenzong,the role of Doubushu evolved from military commanders temporarily assigned by the central government to the commanders-in-chief of the troops stationed in local areas.In the years of Renzong,the system of Doubushu,became institutionalized and standardized,and the system transformation was completed from military unified commanders in wartime to local military officers in peacetime,and therefore the military establishment was no longer that with three commanding officers being heads of three military services.After the implementation of Shenzong’s"Law of Military Officers and Soldiers",there were different layers of military departments and different levels of military officers and soldiers.By the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty,the wartime system of military command with departments Xuan Fu,Dutong and Zhizhi replaced the previous wartime system of military command for the military when Song and Liao were at war,but the local system remained unchanged to maintain local security.The local military system established by the Song Dynasty to reclaim local military power,that is,the system of"of-ficers and soldiers"at three levels coexisted with the system of Central military command with three top commanding officers in charge of regular armed forces.The local paramilitary forces were responsible for maintaining domestic stability,and the central regular armed forces responsible for defense against external risks.This military system in the Song Dynasty is an innovation in the history of China’s military development.
作者
龚延明
Gong Yanming(Institute of Ancient Books&Research Center of Song Studies,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou,Zhejiang 310012)
出处
《军事历史研究》
2019年第5期23-38,共16页
Military History Research
关键词
宋代
都部署
都总管
禁军
地方统兵官
the Song Dynasty
Doubushu,the wartime commanding officer
Douzongguan(a term with the same meaning as Doubushu)
imperial guard troop
local area military officers
作者简介
龚延明,浙江大学古籍研究所暨浙大宋学研究中心教授、博士生导师。
