摘要
清代的海防策略呈现出“以陆制海”的特点,此为清初以来朝廷与地方官员,针对水师建设与海防实践而进行多番尝试与调整的产物。在濒海傍江的江南,顺治初年出现了建设水师的热潮,以督抚为首的地方官员希望编训水师,夺取制海权,进而实现海防目标。但由于开支浩繁,水师建设遭遇阻力,不得已而做出妥协,战斗力受到了影响。在与南明水师的战斗中,清军屡次失利,以至丧失了制海权。清廷从国家利益出发,在顺治中期暂缓了江南的水师建设计划,海防重心逐渐转向岸防。顺治后期,在与郑成功的海、陆战役中,清军在海战中处于劣势,而在陆战中占有优势。基于此种军事态势,清朝的决策者坚定了以岸防为主的策略,水师的地位被边缘化,舰船修造几于停滞。江南水师的兴废映射了清初海防格局演变的历程,也体现了“以陆制海”的海防策略的形成过程。
The coastal defense strategy of the Qing Dynasty had the characteristics of“Coast Defense by Means of Land”,the result of repeated attempts and adjustments made by the officials from the imperial court and local governments in view of naval construction and coastal defense practices since the establishment of the Qing Dynasty.In the early years of Shunzhi Period,local officials in Jiangnan headed by the governor were keen to build warships and hoped to organize and train naval troops to seize command of the sea and achieve the goal of coastal defense.However,due to heavy expenditure,the construction of the navy encountered resistance and had to make compromises,which affected combat effectiveness.In battles with Southern Ming naval forces,the Qing fleet was defeated more than once and lost control of the sea.In view of national interests,the central Qing government suspended the Jiangnan navy construction plan in the middle period of Shunzhi,and gradually shifted the focus of coastal defense to seashore defense.In the late Shunzhi period,the Qing army suffered repeated defeats in naval battles,but was in advantageous position in land battles.In this kind of military situation,the Qing decision makers reinforced the strategy of seashore defense.The status of the navy was marginalized and the construction of ships was almost stagnant.The rise and fall of the naval forces reflected the efforts of the Qing Dynasty to build coastal defense,and also the formation process of the coastal defense strategy of“Coast Defense by Means of Land”.
作者
郑宁
Zheng Ning(College of Humanities,Shanghai Normal University,Shanghai 200234)
出处
《军事历史研究》
CSSCI
2022年第6期1-10,共10页
Military History Research
基金
2020年上海市哲学社会科学规划青年课题“清代前期的海禁与江南社会研究”(2020ELS006)
2021年上海市晨光人才计划项目“清代海洋政策与江南社会变迁研究”(21CGA53)
关键词
清初
江南
水师
海防策略
以陆制海
early Qing Dynasty
Jiangnan
naval forces
coastal defense strategy
Coast Defense by Means of Land
作者简介
郑宁,上海师范大学人文学院副教授,历史学博士。
