摘要
Development of deep underground mining projects is crucial for optimum extraction of mineral deposits.The main challenges at great depth are high rock stress levels,seismic events,large-scale deformation,sudden failures and high temperatures that may cause abrupt and unpredictable instability and collapse over a large scale.In this paper,a ground control and management strategy was presented corresponding to the three stages of projects:strategic design,tactical design and operational design.Strategic design is results in preparing a broad plan and primary design for mining excavations.The tactical design is to provide detail design such as stabilisation methods.Operational design stage is related to monitoring and updating design parameters.The most effective ground control strategies in this stage are maintenance,rehabilitation,monitoring and contingency plan.Additionally,a new procedure for design of ground support systems for deep and hard rock was proposed.The main principles are:static and/or dynamic loading types,determination of loading sources,characterisation of geological conditions and the effects of orientation of major structures with openings,estimation of ground loading factor,identification of potential primary and secondary failures,utilisation of appropriate design analysis methods,estimation of depth failure,calculation of the static and/or dynamic demand ground support capacity,and selection of surface and reinforcement elements.Gravitational force is the dominant loading force in low-level stresses.In high stress level failure mechanism becomes more complex in rock mass structures.In this condition,a variety of factors such as release of stored energy due to seismic events,stress concentration,and major structures influence on ground behaviour and judgement are very complicated.The key rock engineering schemes to minimise the risk of failures in high-stress levels at great depth involve depressurisation and quality control of materials.Microseismic and blast monitoring throughout the mining operations are required to control sudden failures.Proper excavation sequences in underground stopes based on top-down,bottom-up,centre-out and abutment-centre were discussed.Also,the performance of a ground support system was examined by field observation monitoring systems for controlling and modifying ground support elements.The important outcome of the research is that the proposed procedure of selecting ground support systems for static and dynamic situations was applied in several deep underground mines in Western Australia.Ground behaviour modes and failure mechanism were identified and assessed.Ground demand for static and dynamic conditions was estimated and an appropriate ground support system was selected and evaluated in site-specific conditions according to proposed method for ground support design at great depth.The stability of rock masses was confirmed,and the reliability of the design methodology for great depth and hard rock conditions was also justified.
基金
supported by Curtin International Postgraduate Scholarship(CIPRS)/Department of Mining and Metallurgy Scholarship
partly supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China the 111 Project under grant Nos.51839003 and B17009.
作者简介
Corresponding author:Behrooz Rahimi is Geotechnical Engineer in a deep underground gold mine.in Evolution Mining—Australian Gold Company.His research field in PhD is ground,support design in deep and hard rock underground mining excavations based on ground behaviour and failure,mechanism.He has over 8 years’experience in mining industry and tunnelling projects in the field,of mine design,ground support design,ground control and:management,stability analysis and numerical modelling.He obtained a demonstrated experience with successful-project work in a variety of team.sizes including independent,and large teams,E-mail address:behrooz.rahimi@postgrad.curtin.edu.au;Dr Mostafa Sharifzadeh is specialized in fundamental and:applied geotechnical and geomechanics engineering,in resource and civil engineering.He received his B,Sc.in Mining Engineering in 1993,MSc.in Rock Mechanics Engineering in 1996 and PhD in Geotechnical Engineering in 2005.He has over 20 years of experience in construction companies,consulting engineering and academia.He has worked:in over 30 mining,civil and energy projects in Iran,Japan,Australia and China using,innovative approaches and.contributed the outcome to professional development through numerous publications and invited presentations.Dr Sharifzadeh has produced over 300 publications including books,book Chapters,refereed journal papers,peer-reviewed conference papers,guidelines and engiSociety for Rock Mechanics(ISRM),editorial board member of Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology Journal(TUST),Journal of Tunnelling and Underground Space Engineering(T.USE),and reviewer.for numerous international journals and conferences on geomechanics,tunnelling and mining.Since 2013,he has worked,on geomechanical aspects of deep underground hard rock mining-related research at Western Australian School of Mines(WASM),Curtin University;Prof.Xia-Ting Feng received his PhD at Northeastern University of Technology(namely Northeastern University since 1992),China in 1992 and then took the position of lecturer,associate professor and professor at the.same university.He.joined Institute,of Rock and Soil Mechanics,Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)in 1998 as a Professor of Hundred Talent Program of the CAS and as Deputy Director in Charge and Director in 2001-2005.He has worked as Director of State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering,since,2007.He works at Northeastern University,China,as a Vice President since September.2017.He is President of Federation of International Geo-engineering Societies—FedIGS,President of ISRM Commission on Design Methodology,member of ISRM Commission on Testing neering design reports.He has supervised over 12 doctoral students and 80 master students.He is a.member of the committee of design methodology in International Methods,and President,of Chinese Society for Rock Mechanics and Engineering(CSRME).He.was the past.President of International Society for Rock Mechanics(ISRM)2011—2015.He is also Editor-in-Chief of Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,Associate.Editor-in-Chief of Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics,and Associate Editor-in-.Chief of Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering(JRMGE).He is members of Editorial.Board of International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences(2003-present),Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering(20.10-present),Geomechahics and Tunnelling(2008-p resent).
