摘要
系统回顾了90年代日美贸易摩擦后,日本科技创新政策的发展演变历程,重点围绕1995年日本《科学技术基本法》确立后的变迁与发展进行论述。首先阐明了日本科学技术基本法设立以后促使日本的科技政策发生转变的背景及原因,然后对每一阶段的政策特点、重大事件和发展脉络进行了剖析与解读。结果发现,科学技术基本法设立后的六期科学技术基本计划各有侧重,每一期的内容变化都源自社会对科技创新的时代需求,以及日本自身科技创新发展重点方向,反映了日本科技创新政策不断演变的规律。最后,对比同时期主要国家科技创新发展状况,总结了90年代至今日本科技创新发展的特点与经验教训。
The research systematically reviewed the development history of science and technology innovation policy in Japan in the 1990s,especially the development after the establishment of the Basic Law of Science and Technology(the Law)in 1995.Firstly,we analyzed the background and reasons for promoting the transformation of Japan’s science and technology policy after the establishment of the Law.Then we analyzed and interpreted the policy characteristics,major events and development context of each stage.We found that the six stages of the basic plan of science and technology have different emphases.The content changes of each stage are derived from the social demand for scientific and technological innovation and the key direction of Japan’s own scientific and technological innovation development,reflecting the pattern of the continuous evolution of Japan’s scientific and technological innovation policy.The first stage clarified the institutional arrangements for allocating government funds for research and development and expanded the proportion of competitive funds.The‘10,000 PhD Program’and other measures for the development of science and technology have been adopted as policy guidelines.The goal of the second stage was more cutting-edge and long-term.In addition to emphasizing the rectification of the competitive environment and the doubling plan of competitive funds,it also emphasized the reform of the cooperate mechanism of industry,university and officials,the ethics and social responsibility of science and technology and so on.Institutions in charge of scientific research have been established to reform many administrative institutions of the central government.The third stage proposed a’New Growth Strategy’to focus on research and development contents and research fields.The fourth stage included a series of national policies,including risk management and crisis management to contribute to Japan’s post-disaster reconstruction and development.The fifth stage set forth the goals and plans for achieving Society 5.023,and established the Committee of the Conference on Science,Technology and Innovation(CSTI).The sixth stage was established under a new law that is consistent with the goals of the overall national development,which should achieve an increase in the number of young university faculty members and an increase in the number of high-quality papers published.The establishment of the Science and Technology Basic Law has established the legal status of Japan’s science and technology innovation system.This is an essential change in Japan’s science and technology policy,which has far-reaching effects and contributes to the realization of Japan’s strategic goal.First,the Law has given Japan’s science and technology innovation policy a more legitimate basis.Second,the national science and technology innovation policy have become more relatively autonomous.Third,it has legally ensured stable government investment in basic science and stable support for researchers,including the 10000 PhD program and support for young and female researchers.Fourth,the Science and Technology Basic Law has strengthened the consciousness of the Japanese imperial government to establish a country based on science and technology.It has promoted the establishment of a good research and innovation ecosystem.Finally,we summarized the experience of the development of science and technology innovation in Japan from the 1990s to the present,which was an inspiration for the policy formulation of science and technology innovation in China.
作者
徐爽
闫亭豫
吴金希
XU Shuang;YAN TingYu;WU Jinxi(Beijing Academy of Social Sciences,Beijing 100101,China;School of Social Sciences,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China)
出处
《科学学与科学技术管理》
CSSCI
CSCD
北大核心
2022年第2期19-31,共13页
Science of Science and Management of S.& T.
基金
国家社会科学基金重大项目(20&ZD075)
北京市社会科学院2021年度院青年课题(2021B6398)
关键词
日本
科学技术基本法
科学技术创新基本法
科学技术基本计划
科技政策
Japan
science and technology basic law
science and technology innovation basic law
science and technology basic plan
science and technology policy
作者简介
徐爽(1987—),女,满族,北京市社会科学院助理研究员、清华大学社会科学学院博士后、日本JAIST大学博士,研究方向:科技创新政策、社会科学学、知识管理、服务科学等;闫亭豫(1982—),女,满族,管理学博士、清华大学社会科学学院博士后,研究方向:创新理论、公共治理理论、区域可持续发展;通信作者:吴金希(1969—),男,汉族,清华大学社会科学学院教授、博士,研究方向:科技政策、科学技术与社会,wujx02@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn
