摘要
明清时期下河地区的基层水利系统的运作大体可分为明代前中期、明中后期、清代康乾时期、嘉庆直至清末四个阶段,相继表现为运行良好、严重毁坏、国家与地方共同重建、地方主导维护的历史过程。总体上,明代基层水利的维护由地方政府主导,清代康乾时期国家的控制较强,嘉庆以降地方政府与社会在基层水利系统的管理中又逐渐占据主导地位。道光后期运河干堤的修筑开始出现地方主导的端倪,咸丰十年运河管理机构正式裁撤,运河干堤的维护由省级政府主导,具体的维护事宜则由州县政府与绅董负责,运河干堤的维护正式地方化。洪泽湖水的排泄、国家黄运治理的方略与成效、国家的基层水利政策取向以及地方政府与社会的应对方式,是影响基层水利系统形态与运作的四个核心要素。
Rural water management in the Xiahe area changed from Ming to Qing Dynasties.It could be divided into four phases.In the early-mid period of Ming Dynasty,the management system operated smoothly.By the mid-late Ming Dynasty,however,it had been seriously damaged.In the Kang-Qian Age of Qing Dynasty,the state and local government rebuilt the system.After that,the system was mainly managed by local governments.In other words,water resource management systems of rural area were operated and maintained by local governments in Ming Dynasty.Entering the Qing Dynasty,the state government controlled the system in the Kang-Qian Age,but local governments and the public took them over in the Jiaqing Age or later.In the late Daoguang Age,building the main levee of Great Canal became the responsibility of local governments.In the tenth year of the Xianfeng Age(1860),the agency for Great Canal was dissolved and the provincial governments took charge of rural water management affairs.Specifically,maintaining the main levee of Great Canal became the official responsibility of the county government and local squires.The four elements that influenced rural water management were the drainage of the Hongze Lake,tactics and effects of the Yellow River and the Great Canal administration,preferential policies of the state,as well as responses of the public and local governments.
作者
肖启荣
Xiao Qirong(Key Research Insitute of Yellow River Civilization and Sustainable Development Collaborative Innovation Center on Yellow River Civilization,Henan University,Kaifeng 475000,China)
出处
《历史地理研究》
2019年第2期30-45,160,共17页
The Chinese Historical Geography
基金
教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目“明清黄河变动对淮扬海地区水资源管理影响研究”(16YJC770031).
关键词
基层水利
国家与地方社会
洪泽湖
下河
明清时期
rural water management
state and local governance
Hongze Lake
Xiahe area
Ming and Qing dynasties
作者简介
肖启荣,女,1979年生,湖北仙桃人,历史学博士,河南大学黄河文明与可持续发展研究中心副教授,主要从事历史地理学研究。
