摘要
美国霸权秩序又被自由国际主义学者称为美国的世界秩序或美国的自由国际秩序,因其西方性的自由国家或自由世界而名之。美国霸权秩序主导甚至控制了第二次世界大战结束以来当代世界秩序的创建和运行,尤其西方主导的观念、规则和制度内嵌于当代世界秩序,并成为一套广泛而经久的国际价值体系。自由国际秩序的理论基础,主要是自由国际主义的民主和平论、相互依赖与贸易和平论、国际制度和平论,其当代叙事则表现为美国领导西方国家创立和管理了一个基于规则的、开放而自由的国际秩序,美国与其他成员处于一种基于同意和谈判的等级结构之中,美国为其他成员甚至全世界提供了安全、繁荣和进步的公共产品,以致整个世界长期处在大国之间无战争、世界经济长期保持增长、西方市民社会及全球民主人权不断进步的长和平之中。这个叙事是片面的,自由国际秩序自身并非完全和谐一致,美国更非慈善而利他,而是经常任性地使用权力去处理西方内部问题。另一方面,美国霸权秩序和当代世界秩序长期以来始终处在演变发展之中,两个秩序相互重叠、纠缠、挤压,同时又受到其他新的力量的冲击和挤压。新的力量推动了两个秩序的变化发展,而自由国际秩序及其领导者调适应对不力,以致累积成当前西方世界的巨大危机。但自由国际秩序及其领导者仍拥有结构优势或制度优势,在未来一个较长时期内,自由国际秩序与当代国际秩序还将共生共存下去,那些重叠而又内嵌的观念、规则和原则仍将继续发挥重要作用。
Liberal International Order(LIO),invented by American liberal internationalist scholars,means an order of liberal world,or a liberal order under the U.S.leadership/hegemony,which has been built and led by the U.S.and its Western partners and allies at the end of the Second World War.According to the neo-liberal internationalist narration,LIO consists mainly of the North America,Western Europe,Japan and some other U.S.partners and allies around the world,and has long dominated the post-war world order or the contemporary world order(CWO)by embedding into the latter its ideas,rules and institutions which merge into both a system of values and a set of mechanisms.And the story also tells that LIO has three theories as its basis,namely the theory of democratic peace,of interdependence and trade leading to cooperation and peace,and of international institutions,and that the U.S.and its Western allies have established and managed a rule-based,liberal,and open world order,providing for the liberal world in particular,and the whole world at large,a lot of public goods,mainly of security,prosperity and progress.Since the end of the Second World War,LIO has resulted in long peace without any great-power wars,long period of growth in world economy,and long development of civil society in the West and progress of human rights around the world.However,this is a half-truth story,with a misguided ILO concept.Over the past seventy years,the U.S.hegemony has not always been invited and been benevolent,or the West has always been in cohesion and unity;the U.S.has used force and coercion even in dealing with its partners and allies at all times and in need.Here the essay tries to tell a dynamic history of CWO and LIO,presenting apicture of their overlapping,intertangling,and interaction of pull and push,and those impacts from some new dynamics and forces upon them,which escalate into the crisis of the two orders at present.In the future,there are still some key institutional or structural advantages for the U.S.and the West,and for LIO vis-1-vis CWO,and the two orders will remain coexistent for a long time,the embedded ideas,rules and instituitions will remain functional and important for the whole world.
出处
《美国问题研究》
2020年第2期39-71,204-206,共36页
Fudan American Review
关键词
美国
自由国际秩序
当代世界秩序
规则和制度
未来趋势
the U.S.
Liberal International Order
Contemporary World Order
Rules and Institutions
Future Trends
作者简介
周桂银,厦门大学东南亚研究中心研究员、国际关系学院/南洋研究院讲座教授,上海政法学院全球安全治理研究院研究员。
