摘要
自冷战以来,追求绝对的安全,是美国科技外交的实践“动机”。“吸引”以“维稳”,“规训”以“强制”,“遏制”以“削弱”,是美国科技外交的政策“意图”。美国对科技在其与目标国之间“相对安全增益”的认知,以及与美国对目标国的“威胁感知”,在认知层面共同决定了美国对目标国科技外交政策的选择。本文的结论是,美国政府:(1)会与任何威胁程度的国家,在低“相对安全增益”的科技领域进行合作;(2)只会与弱威胁感知的国家,在高“相对安全增益”的科技领域进行合作;(3)对弱威胁感知国家的科技打压是有限的,以要求其“服从”而非“削弱”为目的;(4)对强威胁感知国家的科技打压,在高“相对安全增益”的科技领域是无限的,但在中“相对安全增益”的科技领域是有选择的。据此,可进一步推断,在美国对一国“威胁感知”程度不变的前提下,其对特定科技领域“相对安全增益”的认知,是影响美国在该科技领域对目标国接触,或选择打压的决定性因素。故而,在管理中美战略竞争关系的需求下,随着中国在先进科技领域的实力与自主性的提升,美国政府会在越来越多对中国“相对安全增益”持续走低的先进科技领域,逐步放开同中国合作的限制。
Since the Cold War,the pursuit of absolute security has become the policy motivation of the U.S.science and technology diplomacy.“Attraction”to“Stabilize”,“Discipline”to“Coerce”,“Containment”to“Harm”are the policy intentions of the U.S.science and technology diplomacy.America's perception of the relative security gains of science and technology between itself and the target country,as well as its threat perception of the target country,together determine its choice of science and technology foreign policy towards the target country at the cognitive level.The paper concludes that the U.S.government:(1)cooperate with countries of any threat level in science and technology with low relative security gains;(2)cooperate only with weak-threat country in the science and technology fields with high relative security gains;(3)technological crackdown to weak-threat country is limited,with the purpose of“Discipline”rather than“Containment”;(4)technological crackdown to strong-threat country is unlimited in the science and technology fields with high relative security gains,but selective in the science and technology fields with medium relative security gains.Therefore,it can be further inferred that,under the premise that the U.S.government's threat perception of a country remains unchanged,its perception of relative security gains is a decisive factor influencing the U.S.to engage or hinder the target country in a specific scientific and technological field.In order to manage the Sino-U.S.strategic competitive relationship,as China's strength and autonomy in advanced scientific and technological fields increase,the U.S.government will gradually loosen the restrictions on cooperation with China in more and more advanced scientific and technological fields where relative security gains continue to decline.
出处
《美国问题研究》
2023年第1期163-183,253-254,共23页
Fudan American Review
基金
国家社会科学基金重大项目“总体国家安全观视野下的网络治理体系研究”(批准号:17ZDA106)的阶段性成果
关键词
科技外交
中美关系
拜登政府
战略竞争
science and technology Diplomacy
Sino-U.S.relationship
Biden administration
Strategic competition
作者简介
莫非,复旦大学国际关系与公共事务学院博士研究生;沈逸,复旦大学国际关系与公共事务学院教授、复旦大学国家发展与智能治理综合实验室全球治理与发展研判研究室主任、复旦大学网络空间国际治理研究基地主任
