摘要
傈僳族的历史是一部迁徙史,并在不同时代呈现出其迁徙动因、路径、规模与影响的历时性与共时性异同。将民国以前傈僳族迁徙史与藏彝走廊空间拓展联系起来考量,可以深入与细化藏彝走廊的民族迁徙历史与族际关系研究,并反思以往藏彝走廊研究中空间固化或裹足于境内研究之不足。
The Lisu are one of the main ethnic groups in the "Tibetan-Yi Corridor". At the same time,they are one of the "cross-border ethnic groups" in the region.Taking the Lisu as an example,and considering the inevitability of "crossborder ethnic people" within the research of "Tibetan-Yi Corridor",it indicates that the prominent research on the cross-border ethnic peoples of "Tibetan-Yi Corridor" is obviously insufficient.The migration route of the Lisu people from China to Northern Myanmar and then to Northern Thailand is clear,and each clan has clear memories of their migration.This means that Chayu and Luoyu are not the southern tip of the entire Tibetan-Yi Corridor,but only of the Tibetan-Yi Corridor in China,whereas the southern tip of this corridor which lies outside China is still in a dynamic mode of expansion,just like the migration range of Lisu people.Moreover,local politics in the region historically stretched far beyond the China and Myanmar border that had been demarcated after the establishment of modern nation-states,even far beyond-as far as the vague border area between Northern Myanmar and Eastern India.This means that Fei Xiaotong’s definition of the Tibetan-Yi Corridor is also limited to domestic research,and it ignored the vast area west of Chayu and Luoyu called "Puta’o" located in the northern part of the Kachin state up to the Assam State in India.Furthermore,the corridor is an "ethnic migration corridor",and "migration" is the main feature of these ethnic peoples.The field study also shows that within the background of globalization and population mobility,more space for migration is given to them,thus expanding the spatial scope of the Tibetan-Yi Corridor.This concept presents a new challenge to the "Studies on Tibetan-Yi Corridor",one which calls for a truly integrated research on the Tibetan-Yi Corridor,and one which involved cross-border peoples,regions,nations and disciplines.The greatest fascination and challenge of the research on the Tibetan-Yi Corridor lie in the border areas between China,Myanmar and India.This is still an important corridor for TibetoBurman speaking peoples in the Tibetan-Yi Corridor to migrate from east to west,and then from west to north or to south.Therefore,research on the corridor should not be stopped just because of the demarcation of borders between any two of the countries of China,Myanmar and India which resulted from the establishment of modern nationstates.Furthermore,after the borders between China and Myanmar were drawn in the 1960 s,the two countries,for a long time,have been intertwined with each other with regard to closed and open borders.So,the causes,characteristics and influences of ethnic migration in this corridor show diachronic and synchronic similarities and differences,all of which require timely follow-up and investigation.If we integrate written records with the author’s cross-regional and cross-national field work among Lisu people since the 1990 s,we find that,from the Yuan dynasty at the latest and,especially during modern times,the Lisu people migrated out of their core area of distribution within the Three Parallel Rivers area in China,moved west to the Irrawaddy basin in Northern Myanmar,went north to Eastern India or south to Mandalay,Yangon and Naypyidaw in Myanmar,then went to the juncture of Myanmar,Thailand and Laos,and finally arrived in Northern Thailand,and eventually Taiwan Province,the United States,and Australia.In this way we can see that the spatial distribution of the peoples in the " Tibetan-Yi Corridor" nowadays is quite far from the traditional "Tibetan-Yi Corridor".Taking the historical and current transnational migration and the distribution of the Lisu as an example,we should reconsider the diachronic and synchronic similarities and differences of the spatial and dynamic evolution of the "Tibetan-Yi Corridor" as well as its causes and influences,and in so doing enrich and promote the study of the "Tibetan-Yi Corridor".According to the distribution pattern of the ethnic peoples of Tibetan-Yi Corridor in the border areas between China and Myanmar,between China and Laos,between China and Vietnam,and in the juncture of Laos,Thailand and Myanmar,and that of China,Myanmar,and India,which we have tracked and investigated,it is the cross-border migration and distribution of the traditional Di and Qiang peoples that led to the expansion of cross-border space in the southwestern edge of the Tibetan-Yi Corridor.To be specific,the southwestern edge of the TibetanYi Corridor was greatly expanded by the cross-border migration and distribution of these peoples identified during the Ethnic Classification carried out in China during the 1950 s and 1960 s,peoples such as the Lisu,Nu,Dulong,Jingpo,Bai(Lemo),Achang,Yi,Lahu,Hani and other cross-border peoples.In other words,the areas in which these peoples moved around and formed a certain degree of settlement all fall within the everexpanding Tibetan-Yi Corridor.The Lisu are typical among these peoples.No matter where they migrate or what their living conditions are,they push forward the spatial scope of the Tibetan-Yi Corridor and leave a lasting imprint and impression of Lisu culture and history.The same is true of other peoples in the Tibetan-Yi Corridor,and it is this which makes the ethnic cultures of the Tibetan-Yi Corridor extremely diverse and colorful.Therefore,the history of Lisu people is a history of migration,as well as an expansion of the space of the Tibetan-Yi Corridor.By combing the history of the cross-regional and cross-border migration of the Lisu people,we can summarize its driving forces,characteristics and results as follows:(1) The spatial distribution of the Lisu and space of the Tibetan-Yi Corridor develop dynamically.So a study of the Tibetan-Yi Corridor conv fined only to China is not comprehensive;(2) The cross-regional and cross-border migration of the Lisu people is the result of multiple driving forces.Escaping from political rule and seeking economic resources are the major ones;(3) Although the Lisu people are characterized by an extensive distribution across national boundaries,their common ethnic origin and historical memories of migration,as well as their memories of the suffering fromspecial ethnic migration movements,have enhanced their cohesion,making them strongly identified as "one Lisu family".Meanwhile,depending on the different environments in which the Lisu people live in,their customs also differ.If we ignore the differences of regional cultures found within a cross-border people,the study will not be objective.(4) The history of the migration of the Lisu people is also a history interwoven with the differentiation and integration with peoples in the same region and having the same ethnic origin.As such,it is difficult to make a thorough study which separates one ethnic group from the integrity of the Tibetan-Yi Corridor.In a word,it helps reflect us to reflect on the deficiencies of previous studies by systematically sorting out the transnational migration of Lisu people.
作者
高志英
余艳娥
Gao Zhiying;Yu Yan'e(School of Sociology and Ethnology,Yunnan University,Kunming,650091,Yunnan,China)
出处
《民族学刊》
CSSCI
北大核心
2020年第2期53-62,131-132,共12页
Journal of Ethnology
基金
国家社科重大项目“基督教中国化背景下的农村基督教问题研究”(17ZDA231)的中期研究成果
云南大学民族学一流学科建设2017年项目“密支那民族志”(2017Sy10056)的中期成果
关键词
傈僳族
跨国迁徙
藏彝走廊
空间拓展
Lisu people
transnational migration
Tibetan-Yi Corridor
spatial expansion
作者简介
高志英,纳西族,云南大学特聘教授、博士生导师,研究方向:族群关系、族群文化互动与变迁研究;余艳娥,云南大学民族学与社会学学院民族学专业博士生,研究方向:民族文化研究。云南昆明650091
