摘要
官制是古代政治构建和运行的核心内容之一,德川幕府在建立过程中逐渐完善、固定下来两套官制:一是以大老、老中、若年寄等构成的官职序列;另一套则是在传统律令制影响下的武家官位叙任制度。一实一虚,两种官制本质相异却同时并存,因此成为参与幕政的儒者的重点讨论对象。他们主张幕府应改革现有官制,形成一套独立的官僚体制,从根本上巩固武家政权的合法性,强化将军权威。如果说幕府推行双官制的原因是出于实际统治需要的话,儒者的改革建议则体现出近世对礼文化和礼秩序的内在需求。特别是与幕府官职制度相比,武家官位叙任对内涉及官僚的身份认同、朝幕关系,对外影响日本的国体问题。作为高级武士重要的身份象征,武家官位叙任因其"礼"之人文意涵发挥着强大的政治隐形力。日本近世虽然两套官制并存却非"互补"关系,从动态的历史发展来观察,近世武家官位叙任的象征性意义甚至超出了幕府"中央官僚体制"所具效力。
Official regimes once served as a kernel of the institution and operation of the government in Japan.Tokugawa Shogunate,the last Shogunate’s politics governed by a traditional Japanese military named Buke,had developed and settled two official regimes.One is about the government positions,consisting of Tairou,Roujyuu,Wakadoshiyori,etc.,and the other one is on the hierarchy of the official positions for Shogunate,established under the influence of traditional Ritsuryo,a regime to consolidate the central government.The former regime has potency while the latter one is nominal.The two coexisted systems are fundamentally different from each other,therefore they became the major subject discussed by intellectuals as participators of shogunate politics,who had argued that the shogunate should reform the current official regime and develop an independent one to consolidate the legitimacy of Buke regime governed by the military,and to strengthen the power of the shogunate.If the shogunate had carried out the two official regimes in consideration of requirement in actual governance,the reformation suggested by intellectuals had revealed the inner demand for culture and orders of "Li"—Confucian ethics and rites,by the society of Edo period.Compared to the system of government positions,the hierarchical positions of Buke is of greater significance—internally,it has represented the identity of Buke,also the relationship between the royal court and shogunate,and externally,it would affect the state system of the country,which was crucial to diplomatic affairs.The regime of the hierarchical positions,as an important symbol of a senior Buke’s identity,has played an invisible but powerful political role because of its humanistic implication of "Li".Although the two systems coexisted with each other,they were not functionally complementary.To observe this subject in the dynamic process of historical development,the symbolization of the regime about the hierarchical positions of Buke has even overtopped the potency of the shogunate’s central bureaucracy during that time.
出处
《南开日本研究》
2020年第1期152-167,共16页
Nankai Japan Studies
基金
天津市2018年度哲学社科规划课题“东亚视域下日本江户古学派经世思想及其启示”(项目号:TJSL18—003)的阶段性成果
作者简介
杨立影,天津外国语大学日语学院副教授
