摘要
清政府除了制定部颁标准仓斛外,还制定了"京仓洪斛""通仓洪斛"("洪斛"又称"红斛")等数种官方量器。部颁标准仓斛的容重,籼糙米1石=120斤,粳糙米1石=130斤,白粮1石=138.25斤,小麦1石=125斤,粟米1石=137.2斤,黑豆1石=123.2斤,因斛量方法和新陈粮质不同,每石上下浮动2斤至3斤为正常。与部颁标准量器的容重对比,便会发现各地的仓斗大小相差悬殊,其形成机制主要有四,其一是沿明代旧例用"通用市斗"来收发税粮,使得"仓斗"与"通用市斗"概念相同,这主要分布在西北等地;其二是沿着中央洪斛制造的原理,将标准量器扩容到可容纳其法定加耗数目,如某地每石加耗1.5斗,则该地"仓斗"将在标准仓斗基础上每石扩容1.5斗;其三是用当地"标准市斗"作"仓斗",由于各地"标准市斗"大小不一,致使各地仓斗大小不一;其四是用本地"通用市斗"代替"仓斗"征粮。
In addition to formulating the official standard cang hu,the Qing government also formulated several official measuring instruments such as jingcanghonghu and tongcanghonghu.According to the volume-weight of official standard canghu,indica brown rice 1 dan=120 catties,japonica brown rice 1 dan=130 catties,white grain 1 dan=138.25 catties,wheat 1 dan=125 catties,corn 1 dan=137.2 catties,black bean 1 dan=123.2 catties.Because of the existing difference in the method of hu measurement and the quality of new and old grain,it was normal to fluctuate from 2 to 3 catties per 1 unit dan.Compared with the volumeweight of official standard canghu,the size of cang dou across the country had great difference.There were four mechanisms.One was to use the general cangdou to send and receive taxes and grains along the old example of the Ming Dynasty,making the concept of cangdou and general shidou the same,which were mainly distributed in the northwest and elsewhere.The second was along the principle of the Central honghu,to expand the standard measuring device to accommodate its legally increased consumption number.For example,if an additional 1.5 dous per unit dan was consumed in a certain area,the cangdou in that area was expanded by 1.5 dous per dan on the basis of the standard dou.The third was to use the local standard shidou as the cangdou.Due to the different sizes of the standard shidou in various regions,the size of the unit dou varied from place to place.The fourth was to use the local universal shidou instead of the cangdou to collect grain.
出处
《清华大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》
CSSCI
北大核心
2021年第2期27-51,207-208,共27页
Journal of Tsinghua University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)
基金
国家社会科学基金重大招标项目“浙江鱼鳞册的搜集、整理、研究与数据库建设”(17ZDA187)
