摘要
杭州飞来峰的"西游记图"浮雕位于龙泓洞口外北侧接近地面的石壁上,在20世纪90年代被编为二个龛号:46、47。第46龛的僧人立像有题记曰:"唐三藏玄奘法师",表现唐代高僧玄奘,为学术界公认。第47龛浮雕三人牵二马作阔步行进状,中间一人物有"朱八戒"榜题,在学术界一直存有争议:有北宋"朱士行取经图"说与元代唐僧随从说等,两说都认为这个榜题是后人改刻上去的。作者以考古学的方法重新研究这两龛造像的年代与考察"朱八戒"榜题是否真被改刻过,认为第46、47龛应同为元代"西游记图","朱八戒"榜题应为元代原刻。即使现存《西游记》文献将朱八戒的出现时间指向可能的元末明初、第47龛年代可能是元代早期,也不能据此断定"朱八戒"榜题是改刻的,因为现存文献并不一定记载了所有在元代曾经表演过的《西游记》剧目。这幅"西游记图"是我们研究朱八戒形象出现年代的有原始题记证明的现存最早的实物资料。
A close analysis of the figures suggests that niche nos.46 and 47 at Feilaifeng of Hangzhou were meant to be read together and depict Xuanzang’s(600-664)legendary Journey to the West.Once there was an inscription on niche no.46,identified the monk figure of the niche as Xuanzang.As for the three figures carved in niche no.47,some scholars identified the inscribed name Zhu Bajie[Red Eight Precepts]for the second figure as Zhu Shixing(act.third cent.),the first Han monk in China and the first person to go to the West to bring Buddhist sutras back to China.They also thought that the inscription reading Zhu Bajie must have been scratched and re-carved in a later period.All previous scholarships suggested that nos.46 and 47 are two separate groups all carved in the early Northern Song(960-1127)period.They claimed that in Southern Song(1127-1279)fiction,Xuanzang only had one attendant,Hou Xingzhe[Monkey Postulant].The three figures from no.47,therefore,could not be the attendants of Xuanzang,but depicting Zhu Shixing’s journey.Only niche no.46 portrays Xuanzang.If we review the development of Xuanzang’s legend from the Song through the Yuan periods,we can demonstrate that the subject of nos.46 and 47 is Xuanzang’s Journey to the West.In the Yuan period,Xuanzang acquired additional attendants,Zhu Bajie[Red Eight Precepts],and Sha Heshang[Sand Monk].Accordingly,niche nos.46 and 47 just correspond with the group of figures of Xuanzang’s legend developed in the Yuan period.In niche no.47 Red Eight Precepts is identified by his Yuan-dynasty name,so the three figures in the group must have been carved in the Yuan period,but before the Ming(1368-1644)standardization of the name as Zhu Bajie[Pig Eight Precepts].Because in the legends,Monkey Postulant leads the group of attendants,he is probably the first figure of niche no.47.In addition,the costumes and attributes of the figures in niche no.47 indicate that they are guards for the Buddhist mission rather than monks.The inscription on Zhu Bajie[Red Eight Precepts]in niche no.47 is the original carving from the Yuan period,providing the existing earliest inscribed material to study Red Eight Precepts(later period Pig Eight Precepts)from the texts and plays of"Journey to the West."Therefore,the images of the two niches represent the great significance to study the date when the figure of Zhu Bajie appeared in Chinese history and the development of"Journey to the West"during the Yuan period.
出处
《石窟寺研究》
2020年第1期153-176,共24页
Studies of the Cave Temples
关键词
佛教
石窟寺
飞来峰
西游记
朱八戒
猪八戒
玄奘
猴行者
Buddhism
cave temples
Feilaifeng
Journey to the West
Zhu Bajie
Xuanzang
Hou Xingzhe
