摘要
陶寺城中大城套小城、小城有宫殿,城中有专门用于祭祀和观测天象的"神台",正是文明社会成熟的表现,陶寺文化早期小城的面积和其所具备的功能与华北地区发现的诸多龙山文化古城相比较,已透析出"王都"气息。陶寺中期城址的面积和所具备的功能与湖北天门石家河城址作比较,同样显示出"王都"气魄。在晋南地区已发现的陶寺类型龙山文化遗址的分布特征,表现为数量多、规模大且十分密集,这些遗存都是当年一些大型农耕部落聚落群的居址。正是这些大型农耕部落聚落群的出现,才奠定了"陶寺城"作为"王都"的社会基础和地位。原始农业在河东地区的提早发生及原始农业所形成的财富积累为帝尧时代的到来铺平了道路。陶寺墓地各类墓"金字塔式"的比例关系,应是当时社会结构的反映。陶寺3015号墓主有集军事统率权和祭祀权于一身的王者地位,这在该墓发现的成套礼乐重器中也得到证实。陶寺龙和商代以后的龙形象是一脉相承的,它代表的是以中原民族文化为根祖的"华夏龙"之形象。"陶唐氏"的"龙"崇拜是独立起源的,未受到其他外来文化影响,属于土著原创宗教文化。陶寺晚期墓葬中出土的"铃形铜器"和"铜齿轮器",至少可以肯定"铜齿轮器"不是当地所造,金相分析为砷青铜,应属外来品。陶寺文化中发现的"文堯"二字是用毛笔朱书在扁壶的腹壁上,而不是用刀刻在扁壶的腹壁上,说明龙山文化时期,中国北方已经是文明凸现、群星灿烂,以象形文字为原生体的汉字体系业已孕育成熟,中华文明将由此以文字的形式开始记录自己的历史。通过六个方面的考古学观察,最后认定,陶寺城址完全可以作为一个初期国家权力中心已经形成的标志。作为"都城",这座"都城"的主人只能是"唐尧"。
The small town in big city in Taosi city,the palaces in the town and the specialized altar for sacrificing and observing celestial phenomena in the city are the expression of the maturity of civilized society.Compared with many ancient Longshan cultural cities found in North China,the area and functions of the small towns in the early period of Taosi culture has the royal city flavor.Comparing the area and function of the mid-term Taosi site with the Shijiahe city in Tianmen,Hubei province,it also shows the spirit of royal city.The distribution characteristics of Longshan cultural relics of Taosi type discovered in southern Shanxi are large in number,large in scale and very dense.These relics are the sites of some large farming tribal settlements in those days.It is the emergence of these large-scale farming tribal settlements that laid the social foundation and status of Taosi city as the royal city.The early occurrence of primitive agriculture in area east of the Yellow River in Shanxi and the accumulation of wealth formed by primitive agriculture paved the way for the arrival of Emperor Yao’s era.The pyramidal types distribution of tombs in Taosi cemetery should be the reflection of the social structure at that time.Tomb No.3015 of Taosi is a king with military command and sacrificial right,which has been confirmed by a set of ritual and musical instruments found in the tomb.Taosi dragon and the dragon image after the Shang dynasty are in one continuous line.It represents the image of"Cathaysian dragon"based on the national culture of the Central Plains.The"dragon"worship of"Tao Tang"originated independently and was not influenced by other foreign cultures.It belongs to the original religious culture of the aborigines."Bell-shaped bronze ware"and"copper gear ware"unearthed in the late tombs of Taosi.At least,it can be affirmed that the"copper gear"is not made locally.Metallographic analysis shows that it is arsenic bronze,and it should be a foreign product.The word"Wenyao"found in Taosi culture is written by vermilion Chinese brush rather than carved with a knife on the abdominal wall of the flat pot.It shows that during the period of Longshan culture,the northern part of China has become a prominent civilization with brilliant stars,the Chinese character system with hieroglyphics as its original form has been bred and matured,and Chinese civilization will begin to record its own history in the form of characters.Through six aspects of archaeological observation,it is concluded that the Taosi site can be used as a symbol of the formation of the initial state power center.As a capital city,the owner of this capital city can only be"Tangyao".
作者
卫斯
Wei Si(the Institute of History,Shanxi Academy of Social Sciences)
关键词
陶寺遗址
尧都
文明起源
国家
Taosi Site
Yao Du
Origin of Civilization
Country
