摘要
文章分为两个主要部分。在文章的第二、三、四节中论述了上海话时体系统的概貌,主要涉及如下几个问题:(1)上海话中表示语义时的主要手段是时间名词。(2)语义体主要表现为句子的情状,上海话的情状体可分为状态、活动、一瞬、瞬成和渐成等五种类型。(3)上海话的语法时可以分为绝对过去时、绝对现在时、相对过去时和相对现在时等四种。(4)语法体又称为视点体,上海话的语法体可以分为实现体、动态持续体、静态持续体、结束体、起始体、继续体和短时体等七种。(5)上海话的助词"仔"[ts■]、"勒"[l■?]、"过"[ku]、"辣海"[lA■hE]和语气词"勒"[l■?]是兼表时和体的典型语法手段,动词重叠形式是仅表示体的典型语法手段,副词"辣海"[lA■hE]是兼表时和体的非典型语法手段,虚化的趋向动词"起来"[t■‘ilE]和"下去"[■ot■‘i]是仅表示体的非典型语法手段。在文章的第五节中论述了如下三个问题:(1)助词"仔"表示的体意义也可看作静态持续体,这似乎比把它归为实现体更好。(2)很可能存在这样一个历时演变过程:上海话的助词"拉"[lA]先并入"辣"[lA■],之后在普通话"了1"[l■]的日益增大的影响下,上海话的原有助词"仔"被"了1"日渐排挤并取代。由于"了1"的读音和部分用法和"辣"相似,这两个词逐步相混。结果是形成了读作入声的助词"勒","勒"模糊了助词"仔"和助词"辣"的意义差别。(3)"辣海"不仅有动词、副词、介词、助词、语气词等五个词性,而且还存留着或多或少的处所义。文章最后得到如下结论:(1)上海话中有语义时和语义体,也有语法时和语法体,因此存在时和体的语法范畴。(2)上海话拥有的时、体意义是多样的,成系统的,它的时体系统特别是表示体意义的语法手段具有其自身的特点。
This paper mainly consists of two parts.A general picture of the systems of tense and aspect in the Shanghai dialect is described in the second,third and fourth sections of the paper.In this part,the following problems are discussed:(1)The main means to express the semantic tenses is temporal nouns in the Shanghai dialect.(2)Semantic aspects are mainly represented as aspectual situations of sentences.The aspectual situations of the Shanghai dialect can be divided into five types,which are stative,activity,semelfactive,achievement and accomplishment.(3)In the Shanghai dialect the grammatical tenses can be divided into four kinds,which are the absolute past tense,the absolute present tense,the relative past tense and the relative present tense.(4)The grammatical aspects,which are also termed as"aspectual viewpoint",can be divided into seven kinds in the Shanghai dialect,which are the realization aspect,the dynamic continuous aspect,the stative continuous aspect,the terminated aspect,the inchoative aspect,the followed and continued aspect,and the ephemeral aspect.(5)In the Shanghai dialect,particles"仔"[ts■],"勒"[l■?],"过"[ku],"辣海"[l A?h E]and mood particle"勒"[l■?]are typical grammatical means to indicate both tense and aspect.The reduplicative form of verbs is a typical grammatical means to indicate aspect.The adverb"辣海"[l A■h E]is an untypical grammatical means to indicate both tense and aspect.The delexicalized directional verbs"起来"[t■‘il E]and"下去"■are untypical grammatical means to indicate only aspect.The fifth section is the second part of this paper,in which the following three problems are discussed:(1)According to some analyses,the meaning indicated by"仔"[ts■]in the Shanghai dialect expresses the realization aspect,but it can also express the stative and continuous aspect,which seems to be a better explanation.(2)It is possible that there exists such a process of diachronic change that the particle"拉"[l A](to indicate the continuous aspect)of the Shanghai dialect merged with"辣"[l A■](to indicate the continuous aspect first,and then on account of the growing influence of"了1"[l■](to indicate realization aspect)of Putonghua(Standard Chinese language),the original particle"仔"[ts■]in Shanghai dialect is excluded and replaced by"了1"[l■].Because the pronunciation and some usage of"了1"[l■]are similar to"辣"[l A?],the two words are gradually used in a mixed way.As a result,the particle"勒"[l■?],which has a final sound of[-?],comes into being.The new word blurs the different meanings once indicated by the particles"仔"[ts■]and"辣"[l A?].(3)"辣海"[l A?h E]can be used as a verb,an adverb,a preposition,a particle and a mood particle.Also,it can be regarded as expressing a locative meaning more or less.At the end of the paper,the following conclusions are drawn:(1)In the Shanghai dialect,there exist the semantic tense and aspect,as well as the grammatical tense and aspect,so it proves that in the Shanghai dialect there exist the grammatical categories of tense and aspect.(2)The meanings of tense and aspect in the Shanghai dialect are multifold and systematic.In the dialect,the systems of tense and aspect,especially the grammatical means to indicate aspect,have their own characteristics.
出处
《语言研究集刊》
2019年第2期178-196,429-430,共21页
Bulletin of Linguistic Studies
关键词
上海话
时
体
Shanghai dialect
tense
aspect
作者简介
左思民,zuosimin@korea.ac.kr.smzuo@zhwx.ecnu.edu.cn
