摘要
在鲁南L镇基层市场共同体下,平原、丘陵和山区三个不同村庄的发展历史表明市场经济的渗透导致传统意义上的村落共同体出现“脱嵌”现象。在经济维度,农业由糊口农业转向商品农业,农民的家庭再生产过程成为一个社会化的再生产过程,超越了家庭和村庄的范围。在权力维度,基层权力脱节,村镇治理经济化,村民成为村庄“发展”的旁观者;政府通过项目制和资源分配实现对村干部的治理,并以经济建设为中心从而获取合法性。在文化维度,消费文化成为主流,国家的文化工程则呈现失灵的状态,乡村自身文化再生产乏力。一方面,乡村的开放性进一步增强,村落社会在时空维度上“脱域”;另一方面,乡村与城市形成了新的内在关联因素,乡村共同体由此产生了时空伸延与一体同构的跃迁。
Villages were often regarded as typical communities,characterized by local rural economies,closed social relationships,and traditional culture.This study compares the development history of three different villages in the plain,hilly and mountainous areas of L township in southern Shandong province.After the reform and opening up,the logics of market economy has penetrated into countryside and dominated all aspects of rural production and life,thus the rural community in the traditional sense has suffered a great disembedding movement.In the economic dimension,the intensification of market systems makes the rural economic activities which were originally concentrated in limited sites diffuse and gradually lost the meaning of economic community.There are more and more market types in rural areas,and more and more merchants have weaved a dense net in rural areas throughout farmers’ production,life and consumption in a fine way.It was transformed the rural society.Regional markets,including fairs,kirmess,market towns,labor markets, " cities ",shops in villages,itinerant merchants and newly emerging online shopping,weave a dense and extended market system that deeply involves individual farmers in the market.Peasants ’ means of livelihood have been fully commercialized,and their livelihood strategies have also changed,which means agriculture has shifted from subsistence agriculture to commodity agriculture,and the market has more influence on farmers ’ production arrangement.The social and cultural relations originally attached to the villages have been stripped off,and the meaning of the economic community is disappearing.People process and control nature by technologies which has undermined the foundation of agricultural society,such as production mode and local knowledge.The alienation between man and nature has also changed the cultural inheritance of local areas,and the social relations and social organizations based on agricultural production.The two images of identity peasants and professional farmers are more and more different and have the tendency to be completely separated at last.In the era of market economy,the whole livelihood process of ordinary farmers is also involved in the market,and their family reproduction process becomes a socialized reproduction process,which goes beyond the scope of families and villages.In the dimension of power,the power at the grass-roots level is out of touch and tends to be marketized.The governance of villages and towns becomes economic.The dissolution of village collective economy has changed the public-private relationship in villages.For the whole,the financial problems are the basic problems that restricts rural governance.The village collective economic foundations are weak.After the reform of tax and fee policy,the collective incomes are almost non-existent.The village debts are further deteriorated.The daily village affairs are barely maintained. "Running for projects" becomes the rural cadres’ main work,and the villagers become the bystanders of the village development.The operation of village power follows the logic of marketization.The combination of politics and capital makes the village committees degenerate,and the village cadres become power operators.From the generation of power to the implementation of power are trapped in the vicious circle of marketization.The governance between the state and the rural society presents a state of struggle,and the change of governance policy reflects the collapse of power control.Obviously.the government is successful in promoting economic development.Therefore,the government gradually turns to economic governance,and realizes the governance of village cadres through project system and resource allocation.Take economic construction as the center to realize the economization of governance so as to obtain the recognition of the grass-roots society.More and more modern scientific and technological means have been applied in the governance of rural society,but the governance policies have also been alienated in the process of evolution.Development,especially economic development,has become the common desire of the villagers and the governments,and it is on this point that the governments have gained their legitimacy.It is the recognition of economic development that makes the villagers complain about the corruption of grass-roots cadres and at the same time have a high degree of satisfaction with the state power and the upper leadership.In the cultural dimension,traditional religious belief is secularized.Consumer culture becomes the mainstream,and the principle of economic rationality dominates the cultural activities in rural areas.The market principle not only occupied the public cultural space,but also dominated the change of local culture.The cultural decline did not adapt to the market economy and the newly generated cultural forms also bound up the core of the market economy.Traditional festival ceremonies have been largely omitted or reduced to various consumption activities.Festivals are not only an important way of life for people in the market economy,but also subject to the construction of state power and the regulation of market economy.In the rural cultural field,the market and the state are engaged in a struggle.Collective recreational activities are becoming less and less,and cultural recreational activities are becoming more and more individualized.On the one hand,the profit logic of the market has been deeply rooted in the hearts of the people,making it difficult to carry out the traditional collective cultural activities in the village.On the other hand,this concept of efficiency has also penetrated the national education policy,and the " removal of primary school in village" has worsened the cultural environment of the village.The lack of local culture reproduction makes the rural culture become a field where the state,the collective and the market forces compete and contrast.Although the national cultural projects are large and powerful,it is easy to fail eventually without the support of the village collective and cannot fit the villagers’ cultural needs in market environment.The failure of the cultural project will provide space for the market to corrode the village atmosphere.As a whole,the cultural projects carried out by the state in rural areas have failed,and they fail in grasping the cultural and entertainment characteristics of farmers in the market economy society and they are lack of collective cooperation.Both the market and the state power are involved in the rural cultural field.However,the market power is obvious and the reproduction of rural culture itself is weak.Since the new century,the time-space extension mechanism of modernity has played an important role in the rural community.On one hand,the openness of the countryside is further enhanced,the village society is "delocalized" in the dimension of time and space,and the form and function of villages are differentiated within the countryside.On the other hand,the reflexive effect of modernity is increasingly obvious.The divided rural areas are integrated in a larger scope,and the rural and urban areas appear the trend of space-time extension and integration isomorphism.Urban and rural integration has become a city-centered social ecosystem.Urban and rural in spite of the existence of spatial division,but their functions are increasingly highly complementary.When the countryside is landscaped,the value of the countryside has been recognized and the multifunctionality of the countryside is being recognized by people.While city dwellers discover the value of the countryside,rural peasants also reinforce self-identity on the countryside.While the traditional rural communities are disembedded,new cohesion and association are forming,and they encountered an evolution to the modern community appears.
作者
杨瑞玲
Yang Ruiling(School of Sociology and Population Studies,Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications,Nanjing,Jiangsu)
出处
《政治人类学评论》
2022年第1期141-193,300-304,8,共59页
Political Anthropology Review
关键词
村落共同体
市场经济
乡村治理
文化再生产
village community
market economy
rural governance
cultural reproduction
作者简介
杨瑞玲(1987.3—),女,山西运城人,公共管理学博士。2015年毕业于中国农业大学农村发展与管理专业,现为南京邮电大学社会与人口学院讲师。电子邮箱:yruiling@njupt.edu.cn。
