Key methods developed and used in the USSR and in the Russian Federation to determine the impact and friction sensitivity of energetic materials and explosives have been discussed.Experimental methodologies and instru...Key methods developed and used in the USSR and in the Russian Federation to determine the impact and friction sensitivity of energetic materials and explosives have been discussed.Experimental methodologies and instruments that underlie the assessment of their production and handling safety have been described.Studies of a large number of compounds have revealed relationships between their sensitivity parameters and structure of individual compounds and compositions.The range of change of physical and chemical characteristics for the compounds we examined covers the entire region of their existence.Theoretical methodology and equations have been formulated to estimate the impact and friction sensitivity parameters of energetic materials and to evaluate the technological safety in use.The developed methodology is characterized by high-accuracy calculations and prediction of sensitivity parameters.展开更多
The experimental values of the enthalpy of formation of two isomeric 3,4-and 3,5-dinitro-1-(trinitromethyl)-1H-pyrazoles have been obtained(261.5±5.0and 246.4±6.7kJ/mol for crystalline 3,4-and 3,5-dinitro-1-...The experimental values of the enthalpy of formation of two isomeric 3,4-and 3,5-dinitro-1-(trinitromethyl)-1H-pyrazoles have been obtained(261.5±5.0and 246.4±6.7kJ/mol for crystalline 3,4-and 3,5-dinitro-1-(trinitromethyl)-1H-pyrazoles,respectively).The ballistic effectiveness of these potential oxidizers in composite solid propellants was studied.It is shown that these two oxidizers may be successfully applied in metal-free compositions or with a small content of metal.For the bottom stage 3,4-dinitro-1-(trinitromethyl)-1H-pyrazole is a bit better than 3,5-dinitro-1-(trinitromethyl)-1H-pyrazole,for the upper stage the both oxidizers show the equal ballistic parameters.These oxidizers allow to create metal-free solid composite propellants with the binder percentage not lower than 19%(volume fraction),with I3spequal to 256.5-257.0sat density equal to 1.72-1.74g/cm^3.展开更多
It is shown that it is not correct to estimate energetic characteristics of different compounds of solid composite propellants by evaluation of the specific impulse values of these components serving as an only compon...It is shown that it is not correct to estimate energetic characteristics of different compounds of solid composite propellants by evaluation of the specific impulse values of these components serving as an only component in the formulation.Such an approach may turn the researcher to a wrong conclusion.One has to compare compound′s potential in formulations close to real,e.g.at least with necessary amount of binders.Dependences of specific impulse upon element content of highenthalpy CHNO oxidizer,its enthalpy of formation,and kind of binder have been found.展开更多
The investigation aims at the expansion of the basis of formulations of solid composite propellants by introducing new compositions with lower sensitivity to mechanic impact and improved thermal stability.The formulat...The investigation aims at the expansion of the basis of formulations of solid composite propellants by introducing new compositions with lower sensitivity to mechanic impact and improved thermal stability.The formulations based on trinitropyrazole(TNP)contains a binder(a hydrocarbon or active one),aluminum and inorganic oxidizer ADN.The results show that a binary formulation TNP+active binder(18%-19%)(volume fraction)with no metal is well designed which would achieve high specific impulse(at Pc∶Pa=40∶1)of 248s,high density of 1.80g/cm3 and combustion temperature Tcabout 3 450K.In terms of energy,metal-free compositions with TNP lose a bit to those with HMX,only if HMX fraction in formulation is higher than 45%-50%.展开更多
The work addresses to the study of the molecular and crystal structure and properties of a new energyintensive compound 3,6-bis(2,2,2-trinitroethylnitramino)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine(NBTAT),first obtained by the authors in 2...The work addresses to the study of the molecular and crystal structure and properties of a new energyintensive compound 3,6-bis(2,2,2-trinitroethylnitramino)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine(NBTAT),first obtained by the authors in 2020.NBTAT compound crystallizes in the monoclinic system,space group P2(1)/n,density at room temperature 1.939 g/cm^(3).The energies of crystal packing and pairwise intermolecular interactions in NBTAT and its unnitrated analogue BTAT were calculated,and their comparative analysis was carried out.The enthalpy of formation of NBTAT molecules was calculated by quantum-chemical methods using Gaussian 09,and the enthalpy of formation of NBTAT in the solid phase(618 kJ/mol)was estimated.The energy capabilities of NBTAT as an oxidizer of solid composite propellants are estimated.It is shown that in metal-free compositions NBTAT is significantly superior to ammonium perchlorate(AP),dinitramide ammonium salt(ADN),HMX,BTAT at all stages of rocket systems,and is comparable to the superdense CL-20 yielding to the latter at the lower stages and slightly winning at the upper stages.展开更多
Six furazano-[3,4-d]-pyridazine-based derivatives as main compounds in solid composite propellants have been investigated.It was shown that the use of some furazano-[3,4-d]-pyridazine-based derivatives as main compoun...Six furazano-[3,4-d]-pyridazine-based derivatives as main compounds in solid composite propellants have been investigated.It was shown that the use of some furazano-[3,4-d]-pyridazine-based derivatives as main compounds in solid composite propellants can considerably increase ballistic parameters compared with HMX if the compounds under consideration contain difluoramine groups.And the use of the compounds under consideration may be successful only in the presence of an active binder and 10%-30% of AP or ADN as additional oxidizers.展开更多
文摘Key methods developed and used in the USSR and in the Russian Federation to determine the impact and friction sensitivity of energetic materials and explosives have been discussed.Experimental methodologies and instruments that underlie the assessment of their production and handling safety have been described.Studies of a large number of compounds have revealed relationships between their sensitivity parameters and structure of individual compounds and compositions.The range of change of physical and chemical characteristics for the compounds we examined covers the entire region of their existence.Theoretical methodology and equations have been formulated to estimate the impact and friction sensitivity parameters of energetic materials and to evaluate the technological safety in use.The developed methodology is characterized by high-accuracy calculations and prediction of sensitivity parameters.
基金Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation(14.613.21.0043)
文摘The experimental values of the enthalpy of formation of two isomeric 3,4-and 3,5-dinitro-1-(trinitromethyl)-1H-pyrazoles have been obtained(261.5±5.0and 246.4±6.7kJ/mol for crystalline 3,4-and 3,5-dinitro-1-(trinitromethyl)-1H-pyrazoles,respectively).The ballistic effectiveness of these potential oxidizers in composite solid propellants was studied.It is shown that these two oxidizers may be successfully applied in metal-free compositions or with a small content of metal.For the bottom stage 3,4-dinitro-1-(trinitromethyl)-1H-pyrazole is a bit better than 3,5-dinitro-1-(trinitromethyl)-1H-pyrazole,for the upper stage the both oxidizers show the equal ballistic parameters.These oxidizers allow to create metal-free solid composite propellants with the binder percentage not lower than 19%(volume fraction),with I3spequal to 256.5-257.0sat density equal to 1.72-1.74g/cm^3.
文摘It is shown that it is not correct to estimate energetic characteristics of different compounds of solid composite propellants by evaluation of the specific impulse values of these components serving as an only component in the formulation.Such an approach may turn the researcher to a wrong conclusion.One has to compare compound′s potential in formulations close to real,e.g.at least with necessary amount of binders.Dependences of specific impulse upon element content of highenthalpy CHNO oxidizer,its enthalpy of formation,and kind of binder have been found.
基金Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation(14.613.21.0043)
文摘The investigation aims at the expansion of the basis of formulations of solid composite propellants by introducing new compositions with lower sensitivity to mechanic impact and improved thermal stability.The formulations based on trinitropyrazole(TNP)contains a binder(a hydrocarbon or active one),aluminum and inorganic oxidizer ADN.The results show that a binary formulation TNP+active binder(18%-19%)(volume fraction)with no metal is well designed which would achieve high specific impulse(at Pc∶Pa=40∶1)of 248s,high density of 1.80g/cm3 and combustion temperature Tcabout 3 450K.In terms of energy,metal-free compositions with TNP lose a bit to those with HMX,only if HMX fraction in formulation is higher than 45%-50%.
基金The Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation(Agreement with Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS No 075-15-2020-803).
文摘The work addresses to the study of the molecular and crystal structure and properties of a new energyintensive compound 3,6-bis(2,2,2-trinitroethylnitramino)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine(NBTAT),first obtained by the authors in 2020.NBTAT compound crystallizes in the monoclinic system,space group P2(1)/n,density at room temperature 1.939 g/cm^(3).The energies of crystal packing and pairwise intermolecular interactions in NBTAT and its unnitrated analogue BTAT were calculated,and their comparative analysis was carried out.The enthalpy of formation of NBTAT molecules was calculated by quantum-chemical methods using Gaussian 09,and the enthalpy of formation of NBTAT in the solid phase(618 kJ/mol)was estimated.The energy capabilities of NBTAT as an oxidizer of solid composite propellants are estimated.It is shown that in metal-free compositions NBTAT is significantly superior to ammonium perchlorate(AP),dinitramide ammonium salt(ADN),HMX,BTAT at all stages of rocket systems,and is comparable to the superdense CL-20 yielding to the latter at the lower stages and slightly winning at the upper stages.
基金Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation(14.613.21.0043)
文摘Six furazano-[3,4-d]-pyridazine-based derivatives as main compounds in solid composite propellants have been investigated.It was shown that the use of some furazano-[3,4-d]-pyridazine-based derivatives as main compounds in solid composite propellants can considerably increase ballistic parameters compared with HMX if the compounds under consideration contain difluoramine groups.And the use of the compounds under consideration may be successful only in the presence of an active binder and 10%-30% of AP or ADN as additional oxidizers.
